{"id":857,"date":"2021-02-21T13:26:38","date_gmt":"2021-02-21T12:26:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/?p=857"},"modified":"2022-02-21T13:27:49","modified_gmt":"2022-02-21T12:27:49","slug":"teologicky-slovnik","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/2021\/02\/21\/teologicky-slovnik\/","title":{"rendered":"Teologick\u00fd slovn\u00edk"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Hereze a dogma<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hereze: odchylka od pravdy a h\u0159\u00edch mysli<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00edrkev v pr\u016fb\u011bhu sv\u00fdch d\u011bjin, zejm\u00e9na v prvn\u00edch stolet\u00edch sv\u00e9 existence, bojovala proti r\u016fzn\u00fdm herez\u00edm. Bylo jich hodn\u011b. Ari\u00e1nstv\u00ed a nestori\u00e1nstv\u00ed, monofyzitstv\u00ed a monotheletismus, manichejstv\u00ed a gnosticismus, ikonoborectv\u00ed a antitrinit\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed&#8230; Odchylky lidsk\u00e9 mysli od c\u00edrkevn\u00ed pravdy v teologick\u00fdch ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch byly velmi \u010detn\u00e9 a rozmanit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ze staro\u0159eck\u00e9ho jazyka se slovo \u1f21 \u03b1\u1f35\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (hairesis) p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1 jako \u201evzet\u00ed\u201c, \u201eovl\u00e1dnut\u00ed\u201c, \u201evolba\u201c, a je odvozeno od slovesa \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9 (haireo) \u2013 \u201ebr\u00e1t\u201c, \u201echytit\u201c, \u201echytat\u201c, \u201eovl\u00e1dat\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u011bkdy, zejm\u00e9na zpo\u010d\u00e1tku, slovo \u1f21 \u03b1\u1f35\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 bylo pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no v neutr\u00e1ln\u00edm smyslu a znamenalo filozofick\u00fd nebo n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd sm\u011br, u\u010den\u00ed nebo \u0161kolu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v knize Skutk\u016f apo\u0161tol\u016f se n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 a politick\u00e9 strany farize\u016f a saduce\u016f naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed herezemi (Sk 5:17; 15:5; 26:5). Dokonce k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 u\u010den\u00ed v P\u00edsmu svat\u00e9m se jednou naz\u00fdv\u00e1 herez\u00ed v tomto neutr\u00e1ln\u00edm smyslu (Skutky 28:22). Av\u0161ak ji\u017e v apo\u0161tolsk\u00fdch listech za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 toto slovo z\u00edsk\u00e1vat jin\u00fd v\u00fdznam \u2013 u\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se stav\u00ed proti spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 v\u00ed\u0159e a pop\u00edr\u00e1 pravdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hereze je sv\u00e9voln\u00e1 volba, kter\u00e1 vytrh\u00e1v\u00e1 z u\u010den\u00ed C\u00edrkve pouze jej\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st, p\u0159ekrucuje ho a t\u00edm naru\u0161uje celistvosti u\u010den\u00ed. Jak \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed svat\u00ed otcov\u00e9, hereze je \u201eh\u0159\u00edch mysli, h\u0159\u00edch ducha\u201c (sv. Ignatij Brjan\u010daninov), kdy lid\u00e9 vkl\u00e1daj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho nad\u011bje do sv\u00e9ho vlastn\u00edho lidsk\u00e9ho rozumu. Charakteristick\u00fdm rysem heretik\u016f je p\u00fdcha, kter\u00e1 se vyjad\u0159uje opovr\u017een\u00edm a odm\u00edtnut\u00edm v\u0161ech, kte\u0159\u00ed nesd\u00edlej\u00ed jejich n\u00e1zory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pot\u0159eba pat\u0159it k \u00fazk\u00e9mu okruhu lid\u00ed je nut\u00ed, aby se ost\u0159e br\u00e1nili proti cel\u00e9mu sv\u011btu, u\u010d\u00ed je ne\u00fastupnosti a neust\u00e1le je vede k tomu, aby upadli do h\u0159\u00edchu odsouzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Dogma: hranice pravdy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u0161echna dogmata pravoslavn\u00e9 c\u00edrkve (z\u00e1klady k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 v\u011brouky) byla p\u0159ijata na sedmi v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch sn\u011bmech, kter\u00e9 prob\u011bhly v dob\u011b od 4. do 8. stolet\u00ed po narozen\u00ed Krista. Nejkrat\u0161\u00ed a nejp\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdklad dogmat c\u00edrkve obsahuje Vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00edry, kter\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed zp\u00edvaj\u00ed v chr\u00e1mu p\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9 liturgii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dogma jako fenom\u00e9n je p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9 a paradoxn\u00ed v tom, \u017ee je na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b pova\u017eov\u00e1no za pevn\u011b stanovenou pravdu. Jedn\u00e1 se o axiom v\u011brouky dan\u00fd prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Bo\u017esk\u00e9ho zjeven\u00ed a formulovan\u00fd c\u00edrkv\u00ed na v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch sn\u011bmech, kter\u00fd nelze nijak zpochybnit. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b jsou dogmata p\u0159edm\u011btem v\u00edry, nikoli pozn\u00e1n\u00ed. Studov\u00e1n\u00edm dogmatu nelze \u201epoznat\u201c Boha, pochopit jeho podstatu. B\u016fh pro \u010dlov\u011bka st\u00e1le z\u016fstane nepochopiteln\u00fd a definovat ho lze pouze prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm negace jak\u00fdchkoli vlastnost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 mu nepat\u0159\u00ed, pomoc\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice ne- : je nepoznateln\u00fd, nesmrteln\u00fd, nekone\u010dn\u00fd, nehmotn\u00fd atd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 dogma tedy nen\u00ed teoretick\u00fdm v\u011bdeck\u00fdm postojem, kter\u00fd by m\u011bl v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edm odhalit, kdo je to B\u016fh. To \u010di ono dogma m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pro vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, nezaujat\u00e9 pozorovatele, krajn\u011b neo\u010dividn\u00e9, ale pro v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed je povinn\u00e9. Co je to dogma, pom\u016f\u017ee vysv\u011btlit \u0159e\u010dtina, a to ani ne samotn\u00e9 slovo \u03c4\u03cc \u03b4\u03cc\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, n\u00fdbr\u017e jeho synonymum, kter\u00e9 bylo na prvn\u00edch v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch sn\u011bmech pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no k ozna\u010den\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch v\u011brou\u010dn\u00fdch pravd, kter\u00e9 byly tehdy p\u0159ijaty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Samotn\u00e9 slovo \u201edogma\u201c je odvozeno od staro\u0159eck\u00e9ho \u03c4\u03cc \u03b4\u03cc\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 (dogma), co\u017e znamen\u00e1 \u201en\u00e1zor\u201c, \u201epostoj\u201c, \u201eu\u010den\u00ed\u201c, \u201eustanoven\u00ed\u201c, \u201erozhodnut\u00ed\u201c. Je odvozeno od slovesa \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03ad\u03c9 (doke\u014d), kter\u00e9 se p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1 jako \u201ezd\u00e1t se\u201c, \u201epokl\u00e1dat\u201c, \u201epova\u017eovat\u201c, \u201emyslet\u201c, \u201eusn\u00e1\u0161et\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Je ale zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee jako synonymum pro definici nov\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edman\u00fdch v\u011brou\u010dn\u00fdch pravd bylo tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no slovo \u1f41 \u1f45\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (horos), kter\u00e9 znamen\u00e1 \u201ehranice\u201c, \u201emez\u201c, \u201edefinice\u201c, \u201ep\u0159ed\u011bl\u201c. Do latiny se toto slovo p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1 jako <em>terminus<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ale pro\u010d slovo \u1f41 \u1f45\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (\u201ep\u0159ed\u011bl\u201c, \u201ehranice\u201c) bylo synonymem pro slovo \u03c4\u03cc \u03b4\u03cc\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1? D\u016fvodem je, \u017ee se dogmata formulovala c\u00edrkv\u00ed na v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch sn\u011bmech jako reakce na tu \u010di onou vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed herezi. Nap\u0159\u00edklad prvn\u00ed sn\u011bm zformuloval dogma o tom, \u017ee Syn je jedn\u00e9 podstaty s&nbsp;Otcem, jako reakci na herezi ari\u00e1nstv\u00ed. T\u0159et\u00ed v\u0161eobecn\u00fd sn\u011bm odm\u00edtl herezi Nestoria. Dogma o \u00fact\u011b k ikon\u00e1m na sedm\u00e9m v\u0161eobecn\u00e9m sn\u011bmu bylo formulov\u00e1no jako reakce na herezi ikonoborectv\u00ed atd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dogmata tedy vymezuj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 hranice a meze mo\u017en\u00e9ho pozn\u00e1n\u00ed Boha. Poukazuj\u00ed na ur\u010ditou hranici, za kterou za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 pr\u00e1zdn\u00e9 racionalistick\u00e9 mudrov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nen\u00ed zalo\u017eeno na Bo\u017e\u00edm zjeven\u00ed a \u017eiv\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti. Jejich \u00fakolem je zachov\u00e1vat nedot\u010den\u00e9 paradoxn\u00ed, neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 j\u00e1dro k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9ho evangelia. Podle sv. \u0158eho\u0159e Sinajsk\u00e9ho \u201ehranic\u00ed pravoslav\u00ed je neposkvrn\u011bn\u011b zn\u00e1t dv\u011b dogma v\u00edry \u2013 Trojici a Dvojici.\u201c Ale u\u010den\u00ed o Trojici a dvou p\u0159irozenostech v Kristu jsou v z\u00e1sad\u011b nepochopiteln\u00e1 tvrzen\u00ed pro abstraktn\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nen\u00ed n\u00e1hodou, \u017ee v prvn\u00edch t\u0159ech stolet\u00edch sv\u00e9 existence c\u00edrkev nem\u011bla \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 teoretick\u00e9 z\u00e1klady. Evangelia a apo\u0161tolsk\u00e9 listy vyjad\u0159ovaly a odhalovaly pouze \u017eivou zku\u0161enost v\u00edry, kter\u00e1 form\u00e1ln\u00ed vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed nepot\u0159ebovala. Pozd\u011bji, kdy\u017e se objevily hereze a s nimi i pot\u0159eba jasn\u011b formulovan\u00fdch princip\u016f v\u00edry, vznikla i dogmata. St\u00e1le v\u0161ak nemohou nahradit v\u00edru jako \u017eivou zku\u0161enost komunikace s Bohem. Ateista nebo agnostik m\u016f\u017ee dokonale prostudovat v\u0161echna dogmata, ale to z n\u011bj neud\u011bl\u00e1 v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edho k\u0159es\u0165ana. Krom\u011b toho se rozumn\u011b p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee i \u010f\u00e1bel je obezn\u00e1men s dogmatick\u00fdmi detaily, ale p\u0159esto nep\u0159est\u00e1v\u00e1 b\u00fdt nep\u0159\u00edtelem Boha a lidsk\u00e9ho pokolen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159elo\u017eeno z&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.pravenc.ru\">www.pravenc.ru<\/a> a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.foma.ru\">www.foma.ru<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hereze a dogma Hereze: odchylka od pravdy a h\u0159\u00edch mysli C\u00edrkev v pr\u016fb\u011bhu sv\u00fdch d\u011bjin, zejm\u00e9na v prvn\u00edch stolet\u00edch sv\u00e9 existence, bojovala proti r\u016fzn\u00fdm herez\u00edm.&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":858,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[48],"class_list":["post-857","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-verouka","tag-2021-02","has-post-thumbnail-archive"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/857","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=857"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/857\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":859,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/857\/revisions\/859"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/858"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=857"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=857"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=857"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}