{"id":694,"date":"2021-07-18T15:36:25","date_gmt":"2021-07-18T14:36:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/?p=694"},"modified":"2021-12-18T15:36:46","modified_gmt":"2021-12-18T14:36:46","slug":"oltar-neznamemu-bohu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/2021\/07\/18\/oltar-neznamemu-bohu\/","title":{"rendered":"Olt\u00e1\u0159 nezn\u00e1m\u00e9mu bohu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Kniha Skutk\u016f popisuje, jak apo\u0161tol Pavel k\u00e1zal Ath\u00e9\u0148an\u016fm na Areopagu. V\u00a019. stolet\u00ed protestant\u0161t\u00ed biblist\u00e9 za\u010dali zpochyb\u0148ovat cel\u00fd tento p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh. Do rozpak\u016f je p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bla zm\u00ednka o olt\u00e1\u0159i nezn\u00e1m\u00e9mu bohu. V\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee nic takov\u00e9ho v\u00a0antick\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b existovat nemohlo. Archeologie v\u0161ak tyto pochybnosti vyvr\u00e1tila, a je\u0161t\u011b jednou prok\u00e1zala, \u017ee Bibli lze pova\u017eovat za d\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u00fd historick\u00fd pramen.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Areopag (\u0159ec. Areos pagos, \u00c1reova sk\u00e1la) je mohutn\u00e1 sk\u00e1la na severoz\u00e1padn\u00edm \u00fapat\u00ed ath\u00e9nsk\u00e9 Akropole. Na Areopagu kdysi d\u00e1vno zasedal nejstar\u0161\u00ed ath\u00e9nsk\u00fd soud. N\u00e1zev tohoto m\u00edsta se odvozuje od boha v\u00e1lky Area, kter\u00fd zde byl podle pov\u011bsti souzen za vra\u017edu Poseid\u00f3nova syna. A\u017e do 6. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. zde zasedala Rada star\u0161\u00edch, slo\u017een\u00e1 z b\u00fdval\u00fdch archont\u016f, obdoba \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho sen\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na vrchol vedou schody vytesan\u00e9 do sk\u00e1ly. I dnes zde m\u016f\u017eeme vid\u011bt kamenn\u00e9 lavi\u010dky. Toto m\u00edsto d\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159edstavu o Pavlov\u011b vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed \u0159e\u010di, pronesen\u00e9 p\u0159ed dv\u011bma tis\u00edce l\u00e9ty a slou\u017e\u00ed jako jasn\u00fd d\u016fkaz spolehlivosti Bible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Filozofov\u00e9 \u2013 epikurejci a stoici \u2013 p\u0159ivedli Pavla na Areopag, aby se dozv\u011bd\u011bli o jeho u\u010den\u00ed. Pr\u00e1v\u011b zde p\u0159ednesl apo\u0161tol Pavel svou slavnou \u0159e\u010d o \u201enezn\u00e1m\u00e9m bohu\u201c, kter\u00e1 znepokojila v\u011bt\u0161inu Ath\u00e9\u0148an\u016f, ale zaujala n\u011bkter\u00e9 z nich. Tak kniha Skutk\u016f sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed se k n\u011bmu p\u0159ipojili a uv\u011b\u0159ili; mezi nimi byl i Dionysios, kter\u00e9ho c\u00edrkev ztoto\u017e\u0148uje se svat\u00fdm Dionysiem Areopagitou. Pavel ve sv\u00e9m projevu zohlednil ideologick\u00e9 my\u0161lenky publika. Vyvrcholen\u00edm jeho \u0159e\u010di byla v\u00fdzva k v\u00ed\u0159e v Boha a Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e, kter\u00e9ho B\u016fh vzk\u0159\u00edsil z mrtv\u00fdch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ti, kte\u0159\u00ed Pavla doprov\u00e1zeli, \u0161li s n\u00edm a\u017e do Ath\u00e9n a odtud se vr\u00e1tili s jeho vzkazem, aby k n\u011bmu Silas a Timoteus co nejd\u0159\u00edve p\u0159i\u0161li. Zat\u00edm na n\u011b Pavel v Ath\u00e9n\u00e1ch \u010dekal; kdy\u017e shledal, kolik modl\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed je v tom m\u011bst\u011b, velmi ho to znepokojovalo<\/strong>. Proto mluvil v synag\u00f3ze se \u017eidy a s pohany, kte\u0159\u00ed uv\u011b\u0159ili v jedin\u00e9ho Boha; a ka\u017ed\u00fd den hovo\u0159il i na n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed s lidmi, kte\u0159\u00ed tam pr\u00e1v\u011b byli. Rozmlouvali s n\u00edm i n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed epikurej\u0161t\u00ed a stoi\u010dt\u00ed filosofov\u00e9\u2026 Pak ho vzali s sebou, dovedli na Areopag<\/strong> a tam mu polo\u017eili ot\u00e1zku: \u201eR\u00e1di bychom se dov\u011bd\u011bli, jak\u00e9 je to tv\u00e9 nov\u00e9 u\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed\u0161. V\u017edy\u0165 to, co n\u00e1m vykl\u00e1d\u00e1\u0161, zn\u00ed velice podivn\u011b. Chceme se tedy dov\u011bd\u011bt, co to je.\u201c V\u0161ichni Ath\u00e9\u0148an\u00e9 i cizinci, kte\u0159\u00ed tam pob\u00fdvaj\u00ed, ni\u010demu toti\u017e nev\u011bnuj\u00ed tolik \u010dasu jako tomu, \u017ee vykl\u00e1daj\u00ed a poslouchaj\u00ed n\u011bco nov\u00e9ho. Pavel se tedy postavil doprost\u0159ed shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed na Areopagu a promluvil: \u201eAth\u00e9\u0148an\u00e9, vid\u00edm, \u017ee jste v uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed boh\u016f velice horliv\u00ed. Kdy\u017e jsem proch\u00e1zel va\u0161imi posv\u00e1tn\u00fdmi m\u00edsty a prohl\u00ed\u017eel si je, nalezl jsem i olt\u00e1\u0159 s n\u00e1pisem: \u201aNezn\u00e1m\u00e9mu bohu\u2018.<\/strong> Koho takto uct\u00edv\u00e1te, a je\u0161t\u011b nezn\u00e1te, toho v\u00e1m zv\u011bstuji: B\u016fh, kter\u00fd u\u010dinil sv\u011bt a v\u0161echno, co je v n\u011bm, ten je p\u00e1nem nebe i zem\u011b, a nebydl\u00ed v chr\u00e1mech, kter\u00e9 lid\u00e9 vystav\u011bli, ani si ned\u00e1v\u00e1 od lid\u00ed slou\u017eit, jako by byl na nich z\u00e1visl\u00fd; v\u017edy\u0165 je to on s\u00e1m, kter\u00fd v\u0161emu d\u00e1v\u00e1 \u017eivot, dech i v\u0161echno ostatn\u00ed\u2026. B\u016fh v\u0161ak prominul lidem dobu, kdy to je\u0161t\u011b nemohli pochopit, a nyn\u00ed zv\u011bstuje v\u0161em, a\u0165 jsou kdekoliv, aby t\u00e9to neznalosti litovali a obr\u00e1tili se k n\u011bmu. Nebo\u0165 ustanovil den, v n\u011bm\u017e bude spravedliv\u011b soudit cel\u00fd sv\u011bt skrze mu\u017ee, kter\u00e9ho k tomu ur\u010dil. V\u0161em lidem o tom poskytl d\u016fkaz, kdy\u017e jej vzk\u0159\u00edsil z mrtv\u00fdch.\u201c Jakmile usly\u0161eli o vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed z mrtv\u00fdch, jedni se mu za\u010dali sm\u00e1t a druz\u00ed \u0159ekli: \u201eR\u00e1di si t\u011b poslechneme, ale a\u017e n\u011bkdy jindy.\u201c<\/strong> A tak Pavel od nich ode\u0161el<\/em> (Skutky apo\u0161tol\u016f 17:15\u201333).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mnoz\u00ed v \u0158ecku hledali Boha a pravdu. Cel\u00e1 tehdej\u0161\u00ed spole\u010dnost byla rozd\u011blena na p\u0159\u00edznivce t\u00e9 \u010di on\u00e9 filozofick\u00e9 \u0161koly, toho \u010di onoho sm\u011bru. Lid\u00e9 byli zvykl\u00ed tr\u00e1vit \u010das dlouh\u00fdmi, p\u0159emoud\u0159el\u00fdmi rozhovory, spory nebo poslouch\u00e1n\u00edm n\u011b\u010deho nov\u00e9ho. Proto ochotn\u011b pozvali na Areopag apo\u0161tola Pavla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vzd\u011blan\u00fd n\u00e1sledovn\u00edk Krista hned p\u0159ipoutal pozornost sv\u00fdch poslucha\u010d\u016f: \u201eNalezl jsem olt\u00e1\u0159 s n\u00e1pisem: \u201aNezn\u00e1m\u00e9mu bohu\u2018. Koho takto uct\u00edv\u00e1te, a je\u0161t\u011b nezn\u00e1te, toho v\u00e1m zv\u011bstuji.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zm\u00ednka o takov\u00e9m olt\u00e1\u0159i zasv\u011bcen\u00e9m nezn\u00e1m\u00e9mu bohu po dlouhou dobu nem\u011bla vysv\u011btlen\u00ed ani v teologick\u00fdch kruz\u00edch, nemluv\u011b o ateistech, z jejich\u017e pohledu to zn\u011blo naprosto absurdn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159\u00edtomnost olt\u00e1\u0159\u016f Dia, Afrodity, nebo dokonce orient\u00e1ln\u00edch Isis \u010di Mitry byla docela pochopiteln\u00e1. Pohansk\u00fd sv\u011bt nepohrdal bohy sv\u00fdch soused\u016f. Ale to, \u017ee mohl existovat olt\u00e1\u0159 nezn\u00e1m\u00e9mu bohu, se zd\u00e1lo zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed. P\u0159esto\u017ee staro\u0159eck\u00fd b\u00e1sn\u00edk Epimenides, kter\u00fd \u017eil v \u0161est\u00e9m stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed Kristem, zmi\u0148uje olt\u00e1\u0159 \u201enezn\u00e1m\u00e9mu bohu\u201c v Ath\u00e9n\u00e1ch, skeptici hovo\u0159ili o fikci a poukazovali na absenci hmotn\u00fdch pam\u00e1tek. V\u0161echno se zm\u011bnilo na za\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Psal se rok 1909. N\u011bmeck\u00e1 archeologick\u00e1 expedice prov\u00e1d\u011bla vykop\u00e1vky ve m\u011bst\u011b Pergamon. Mezi ruinami vedouc\u00ed expedice Wilhelm D\u00f6rpfeld objevil artefakt, kter\u00fd pom\u00e1h\u00e1 porozum\u011bt n\u011bkter\u00fdm historick\u00fdm detail\u016fm spojen\u00fdm s pobytem a k\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00edm apo\u0161tola Pavla v At\u00e9n\u00e1ch. Byl to kamenn\u00fd olt\u00e1\u0159 s vytesan\u00fdm n\u00e1pisem: \u201eKapiton p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed dary nezn\u00e1m\u00e9mu Bohu.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Navzdory tomu, \u017ee podobn\u00fd olt\u00e1\u0159 v Ath\u00e9n\u00e1ch nikdy nebyl nalezen, odborn\u00edci tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee existovat mohl, proto\u017ee v r\u016fzn\u00fdch oblastech \u0158ecka byli uct\u00edv\u00e1ni stejn\u00ed bohov\u00e9. Apo\u0161tol Pavel takov\u00fd olt\u00e1\u0159 mohl potkat mezi svatyn\u011bmi Areopagu. Nen\u00ed divu, \u017ee se olt\u00e1\u0159 nedochoval, ath\u00e9nsk\u00e9 posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 m\u00edsto bylo \u010dasto p\u0159estavov\u00e1no a po\u0161kozov\u00e1no.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Objev kamene v Pergamonu potvrdil p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh Epimenida o ob\u011btech \u201enezn\u00e1m\u00e9mu bohu\u201c, kter\u00e9 \u0158ekov\u00e9 p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161eli v Ath\u00e9n\u00e1ch, a tak\u00e9 to, \u017ee k\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed apo\u0161tola Pavla v Areopagu je historick\u00fdm faktem. Autor knihy Skutk\u016f apo\u0161tol\u016f samoz\u0159ejm\u011b kult nezn\u00e1m\u00e9ho boha nevymyslel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hned po tomto n\u00e1lezu vznikla teorie n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho historika n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed Eduarda Nordena o tom, \u017ee krom\u011b dvan\u00e1cti hlavn\u00edch boh\u016f a nespo\u010detn\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed men\u0161\u00edch bo\u017estev starov\u011bc\u00ed \u0158ekov\u00e9 uct\u00edvali bo\u017estvo, kter\u00e9mu \u0159\u00edkali \u1f0c\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u0398\u03b5\u03cc\u03c2 \u2013 Nezn\u00e1m\u00fd b\u016fh. O nezn\u00e1m\u00e9m bohu psali tak\u00e9 \u0159e\u010dt\u00ed auto\u0159i \u2013 Apollodorus, Philostratus a Pausanias.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Existence takov\u00e9ho olt\u00e1\u0159e se vysv\u011btluje ur\u010ditou nejistotou vlastn\u00ed polyteismu. Pohan si nikdy nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jist\u00fd, \u017ee ct\u00ed v\u0161echny bohy. Strach z toho, \u017ee m\u016f\u017ee rozhn\u011bvat n\u011bjak\u00e9ho nezn\u00e1m\u00e9ho, a proto i neuct\u00edvan\u00e9ho boha, ho podn\u00edtil k vystaven\u00ed podobn\u00e9ho olt\u00e1\u0159e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dnes je olt\u00e1\u0159 z Pergamonu sv\u011bdectv\u00edm, \u017ee Pavlova \u0159e\u010d na Areopagu pln\u011b odpov\u00eddala historick\u00fdm skute\u010dnostem t\u00e9 doby.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Redakce<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kniha Skutk\u016f popisuje, jak apo\u0161tol Pavel k\u00e1zal Ath\u00e9\u0148an\u016fm na Areopagu. V\u00a019. stolet\u00ed protestant\u0161t\u00ed biblist\u00e9 za\u010dali zpochyb\u0148ovat cel\u00fd tento p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh. Do rozpak\u016f je p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bla zm\u00ednka o…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":697,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[37],"class_list":["post-694","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biblistika","tag-2021-07","has-post-thumbnail-archive"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/694","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=694"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/694\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":698,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/694\/revisions\/698"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/697"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=694"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=694"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=694"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}