{"id":411,"date":"2021-10-20T18:21:02","date_gmt":"2021-10-20T17:21:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/?p=411"},"modified":"2021-11-24T16:39:01","modified_gmt":"2021-11-24T15:39:01","slug":"jan-teolog","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/2021\/10\/20\/jan-teolog\/","title":{"rendered":"Jan Teolog"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Apo\u0161tol Jan byl jedn\u00edm z nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch u\u010dedn\u00edk\u016f Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista, s jeho\u017e jm\u00e9nem c\u00edrkevn\u00ed tradice spojuje \u0159adu kanonick\u00fdch text\u016f Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona: Janovo evangelium, epi\u0161toly a Zjeven\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u017divot sv. Jana<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Co o n\u011bm p\u00ed\u0161ou auto\u0159i&nbsp;synoptick\u00fdch evangeli\u00ed?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Jan Teolog je jedn\u00edm z nej\u010dast\u011bji zmi\u0148ovan\u00fdch apo\u0161tol\u016f. Poprv\u00e9 se o n\u011bm hovo\u0159\u00ed v&nbsp;evangeli\u00edch Matou\u0161e a Marka v p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu o povol\u00e1n\u00ed prvn\u00edch apo\u0161tol\u016f v Galileji: po Petrovi a Ond\u0159ejovi povolal Kristus Jana spolu s jeho bratrem Jakubem. Evangelista Luk\u00e1\u0161 spojuje p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o povol\u00e1n\u00ed apo\u0161tol\u016f s p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhem o z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00e9m \u00falovku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Evangelista Marek p\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee Jan byl s apo\u0161toly Petrem, Ond\u0159ejem a Jakubem p\u0159i z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00e9m uzdraven\u00ed Petrovy tchyn\u011b. D\u00e1le je Jan zm\u00edn\u011bn mezi 12 apo\u0161toly vyvolen\u00fdmi Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161em Kristem. Na stejn\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b se p\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee brat\u0159i Jakub a Jan z\u00edskali od Krista jm\u00e9no Boanerges, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 \u201asynov\u00e9 hromu\u2018 (Marek 3:17). D\u00e1le apo\u0161tola Jana zmi\u0148uj\u00ed Marek (5:37) a Luk\u00e1\u0161 (8:51), kdy ho Kristus spolu s Petrem a Jakubem vzal do domu Jaira, jeho\u017e dceru z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u011b uzdravil. Byl na ho\u0159e Prom\u011bn\u011bn\u00ed se sv\u00fdm bratrem Jakubem a Petrem (Matou\u0161 17:1; Marek 9:2; Luk\u00e1\u0161 9:28). V Kafarnaum Jan \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161i Kristu, \u017ee u\u010dedn\u00edci vid\u011bli mu\u017ee vyh\u00e1n\u011bj\u00edc\u00edho d\u00e9mony v jeho jm\u00e9nu a zak\u00e1zali mu to, proto\u017ee nechod\u00ed s&nbsp;nimi. (Marek 9:33).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pouze evangelista Luk\u00e1\u0161 p\u00ed\u0161e o tom, \u017ee Jakub a Jan po\u017e\u00e1dali Krista, aby jim dovolil p\u0159ivolat ohe\u0148 z nebe, kter\u00fd by zahubil sama\u0159skou vesnici, kde nep\u0159ijali Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e (Luk\u00e1\u0161 9:54). Tato slova lze vysv\u011btlit temperamentem bratr\u016f, jen\u017e vyjad\u0159uje i jejich p\u0159ezd\u00edvka \u2013 synov\u00e9 hromu. Dal\u0161\u00ed ud\u00e1lost za \u00fa\u010dasti Jakuba a Jana se odehr\u00e1la na cest\u011b do Jeruzal\u00e9ma, kdy brat\u0159i (podle Marka 10:35-38) nebo jejich matka (podle Matou\u0161e 20:20) po\u017e\u00e1dali Krista, aby jim umo\u017enil sed\u011bt po jeho pravici a levici v&nbsp;kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed Bo\u017e\u00edm. Na Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ovu ot\u00e1zku odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed, \u017ee mohou p\u00edt kalich, kter\u00fd on pije, a b\u00fdt pok\u0159t\u011bni k\u0159tem, kter\u00fdm on je k\u0159t\u011bn. To v\u0161e vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 hn\u011bv ostatn\u00edch u\u010dedn\u00edk\u016f. Kristova odpov\u011b\u010f odkazuje na p\u0159edchoz\u00ed epizodu v&nbsp;Markov\u011b evangeliu, kdy p\u0159i sporu o prvenstv\u00ed Spasitel \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \u201eKdo chce b\u00fdt prvn\u00ed, bu\u010f ze v\u0161ech posledn\u00ed a slu\u017eebn\u00edk v\u0161ech\u201c (Marek 9:33).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Evangelista Marek popisuje besedu Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista s&nbsp;u\u010dedn\u00edky na Olivov\u00e9 ho\u0159e p\u0159ed utrpen\u00edm, kdy Petr, Jakub, Jan a Ond\u0159ej kladou Spasiteli ot\u00e1zky o konci sv\u011bta (Marek 13:3\u201337). Evangelista Luk\u00e1\u0161 (22:8\u201313) p\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 Kristus na\u0159\u00eddil Petrovi a Janovi, aby p\u0159ipravit pasch\u00e1ln\u00ed ve\u010de\u0159i. Tento p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b poch\u00e1z\u00ed z tradice jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00e9 k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 komunity. U Matou\u0161e (26:37) a Marka (14:33) se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 vzal Petra, Jakuba a Jana do Getsemane. Pot\u00e9 se apo\u0161tol Jan ji\u017e v synoptick\u00fdch evangeli\u00edch nezmi\u0148uje podle jm\u00e9na. \u010casto se vedle Janova jm\u00e9na pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed vysv\u011btlivky jako \u201esyn Zebede\u016fv\u201c, \u201ebratr Jakub\u016fv\u201c nebo \u201ejeho bratr\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-2 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"http:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/1-3.jpg\" data-lbwps-width=\"919\" data-lbwps-height=\"1063\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"http:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/1-3-259x300.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"885\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/1-3-885x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"441\" data-full-url=\"http:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/1-3.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/2021\/10\/20\/jan-teolog\/1-3\/#main\" class=\"wp-image-441\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/1-3-885x1024.jpg 885w, https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/1-3-259x300.jpg 259w, https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/1-3-768x888.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/1-3.jpg 919w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 885px) 100vw, 885px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"http:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/2-6.jpg\" data-lbwps-width=\"1696\" data-lbwps-height=\"2544\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"http:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/2-6-200x300.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/2-6-683x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"443\" data-full-url=\"http:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/2-6.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/2021\/10\/20\/jan-teolog\/2-6\/#main\" class=\"wp-image-443\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/2-6-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/2-6-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/2-6-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/2-6-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/2-6-1365x2048.jpg 1365w, https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/2-6.jpg 1696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Jan Teolog je tedy v synoptick\u00fdch evangeli\u00edch p\u0159edstavov\u00e1n jako jeden z nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch Kristov\u00fdch u\u010dedn\u00edk\u016f: spole\u010dn\u011b s apo\u0161tolem Petrem p\u0159ipravuje pasch\u00e1ln\u00ed hostinu, spolu s&nbsp;Petrem a Jakubem se st\u00e1v\u00e1 sv\u011bdkem nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch Kristov\u00fdch z\u00e1zrak\u016f: vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed Jairovy dcery a Prom\u011bn\u011bn\u00ed, spolu s nimi a s&nbsp;apo\u0161tolem Ond\u0159ejem se \u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed rozhovoru o zni\u010den\u00ed chr\u00e1mu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Co o sob\u011b p\u00ed\u0161e s\u00e1m?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Interpretace mo\u017en\u00fdch zmi\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed Jana Teologa v&nbsp;Janov\u011b evangeliu naraz\u00ed na \u0159adu probl\u00e9m\u016f. Za prv\u00e9 Jan v tomto evangeliu nikdy nen\u00ed pojmenov\u00e1n. \u201eSynov\u00e9 Zebedeovi\u201c jsou zm\u00edn\u011bni pouze jednou (Jan 21:2). Vykladatel\u00e9 tento fakt obvykle vysv\u011btluj\u00ed skromnost\u00ed autora. Za druh\u00e9, Janovo evangelium nezmi\u0148uje drtivou v\u011bt\u0161inu ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, kter\u00fdch se s\u00e1m Jan podle synoptick\u00fdch evangeli\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo \u00fa\u010dastnil. Jedinou v\u00fdjimkou je epizoda v&nbsp;Getsemansk\u00e9 zahrad\u011b (Jan 18:1), ale zde je vynech\u00e1na Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ova modlitba, p\u0159i n\u00ed\u017e byl Jan p\u0159\u00edtomen. Tuto zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost lze tak\u00e9 p\u0159i\u010d\u00edst autorov\u011b skromnosti nebo vysv\u011btlit ji charakterem \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho evangelia, v&nbsp;n\u011bm\u017e se epizody m\u00e1lokdy shoduj\u00ed se synoptick\u00fdmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u0159et\u00ed probl\u00e9m spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v&nbsp;tom, \u017ee Jan je tady ztoto\u017e\u0148ov\u00e1n s postavou, kter\u00e1 je naz\u00fdv\u00e1na \u201ejeden z&nbsp;u\u010dedn\u00edk\u016f, kter\u00e9ho Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 miloval\u201c (Jan 13:23), \u201eu\u010dedn\u00edk, kter\u00e9ho miloval\u201c (Jan 19:26), \u201eu\u010dedn\u00edk, kter\u00e9ho Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 miloval\u201c (Jan 20:2\u20139; 21:7; 21:20) a \u201ekter\u00fd vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 sv\u011bdectv\u00ed o t\u011bchto v\u011bcech a kter\u00fd je zapsal\u201c (Jan 21:24). Jm\u00e9no evangelisty se v&nbsp;nadpisech \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho evangelia objevuje a\u017e na konci 2. stolet\u00ed, ale podle v\u0161eho takov\u00e1 identifikace existovala v&nbsp;k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 tradici od za\u010d\u00e1tku. Popis ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, p\u0159i nich\u017e se zmi\u0148uje \u201eu\u010dedn\u00edk, kter\u00e9ho Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 miloval\u201c, je velmi podrobn\u00fd, co\u017e tak\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee sv\u011bd\u010dit o Janov\u011b autorstv\u00ed. Tento u\u010dedn\u00edk byl po boku Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e p\u0159i posledn\u00ed ve\u010de\u0159i, st\u00e1l u k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee a p\u0159ijal k&nbsp;sob\u011b Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ovu Matku, zaslechl od Marie Magdal\u00e9ny zpr\u00e1vu o tom, \u017ee Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 nen\u00ed v&nbsp;hrob\u011b, a sp\u011bchal tam, poznal vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9ho P\u00e1na u Tiberiadsk\u00e9ho jezera. Ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed Jana a milovan\u00e9ho u\u010dedn\u00edka najdeme ji\u017e u sv. Ireneje z&nbsp;Lyonu.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nakonec n\u011bkter\u00e9 podrobnosti v Janov\u011b evangeliu nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee jedn\u00edm ze dvou u\u010dedn\u00edk\u016f Jana K\u0159titele, kte\u0159\u00ed str\u00e1vili den s Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161em Kristem, byl Jan (Jan 1:35\u201339). Lze tak\u00e9 ztoto\u017enit Jana s&nbsp;u\u010dedn\u00edkem, jen\u017e \u201ebyl zn\u00e1m velekn\u011bzi a ve\u0161el s Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161em do n\u00e1dvo\u0159\u00ed velekn\u011bzova domu\u201c (Jan 18:15\u201316).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud \u010dtvrt\u00e9 evangelium napsal apo\u0161tol Jan, pak jedine\u010dn\u00fd materi\u00e1l tohoto evangelia nazna\u010duje, \u017ee tento u\u010dedn\u00edk mimo jin\u00e9 byl s Kristem b\u011bhem z\u00e1zraku v K\u00e1n\u011b Galilejsk\u00e9, o \u017eidovsk\u00fdch Velikonoc\u00edch v Jeruzal\u00e9m\u011b, v Sama\u0159\u00ed, p\u0159i Kristov\u011b k\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed v Kafarnau, p\u0159i uzdraven\u00ed slep\u00e9ho, na cest\u011b do Betanie p\u0159ed vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00edm Lazara, p\u0159i um\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed nohou u\u010dedn\u00edk\u016fm a p\u0159i uji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed apo\u0161tola Tom\u00e1\u0161e. Jedin\u011b Jan sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o tom, \u017ee Kristovi u\u010dedn\u00edci k\u0159tili lidi je\u0161t\u011b za \u017eivota Spasitele (Jan 4:2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>V&nbsp;dal\u0161\u00edch novoz\u00e1konn\u00edch knih\u00e1ch<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed ud\u00e1losti spojen\u00e9 s&nbsp;evangelistou Janem jsou pops\u00e1ny v knize Skutk\u016f sv. apo\u0161tol\u016f. Mezi sv\u011bdky sestoupen\u00ed Ducha svat\u00e9ho je zm\u00edn\u011bn bezprost\u0159edn\u011b po apo\u0161tolu Petrovi, co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 jeho postaven\u00ed v jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00e9 c\u00edrkvi. Jakub je v&nbsp;t\u00e9to knize definov\u00e1n jako \u201ebratr Jan\u016fv\u201c (12:2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jan spolu s Petrem uzdravuje v&nbsp;chr\u00e1mu chrom\u00e9ho, d\u00edky jejich k\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed se mnoz\u00ed obrac\u00ed ke Kristu. Jan a Petr jsou zbiti, v\u011bzn\u011bni a z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u011b osvobozeni and\u011blem ze zajet\u00ed. Jdou do m\u011bsta Sama\u0159\u00ed a odhal\u00ed tam podvodn\u00edka \u0160imona m\u00e1ga, kter\u00fd jim nab\u00edz\u00ed pen\u00edze za Bo\u017e\u00ed dar. Zde vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o sv. Janovi kon\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Apo\u0161tol Pavel zmi\u0148uje Jana pouze jednou \u2013 v&nbsp;listu Galatsk\u00fdm (2:9). P\u00ed\u0161e o n\u011bm jako o jednom sloup\u016f c\u00edrkve: \u201eJakub a Petr a Jan, kte\u0159\u00ed byli uzn\u00e1v\u00e1ni za sloupy c\u00edrkve \u2013 podali mn\u011b a Barnab\u00e1\u0161ovi pravici na stvrzen\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed dohody, \u017ee my p\u016fjdeme mezi pohany a oni mezi \u017eidy.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V&nbsp;knize Zjeven\u00ed vid\u00edme apo\u0161tola Jana ji\u017e v&nbsp;pokro\u010dil\u00e9m v\u011bku na ostrov\u011b Patmos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-1 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"http:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/4-3.jpg\" data-lbwps-width=\"1167\" data-lbwps-height=\"900\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"http:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/4-3-300x231.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"790\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/4-3-1024x790.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"449\" data-full-url=\"http:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/4-3.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/2021\/10\/20\/jan-teolog\/4-3\/#main\" class=\"wp-image-449\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/4-3-1024x790.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/4-3-300x231.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/4-3-768x592.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/4-3.jpg 1167w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Jak\u00e9 vzpom\u00ednky na Jana Teologa zachovali ran\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165an\u0161t\u00ed auto\u0159i?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u0159es\u0165an\u0161t\u00ed spisovatel\u00e9 prvn\u00edch t\u0159\u00ed stalet\u00ed zmi\u0148uj\u00ed Jana dost \u010dasto. Existuje n\u011bkolik samostatn\u00fdch biografick\u00fdch tradic\u00ed sv. Jana, kter\u00e9 se op\u00edraj\u00ed o vzpom\u00ednky konce 1. \u2013 za\u010d\u00e1tku 2. st. Zdrojem jedn\u00e9 z&nbsp;nich jsou d\u00edla sv. Klimenta Alexandrijsk\u00e9ho. Ten odhalil zaj\u00edmav\u00fd fakt, \u017ee Kristus vlastnoru\u010dn\u011b pok\u0159til pouze Petra, Petr Ond\u0159eje, Ond\u0159ej Jakuba a Jana a ti dva v\u0161echny ostatn\u00ed u\u010dedn\u00edky. Podle jin\u00e9 tradice Petr a Jan pok\u0159tili Bohorodici. Kliment Alexandrijsk\u00fd tak\u00e9 p\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee i kdy\u017e Petr, Jakub a Jan byli Spasitelem zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b ct\u011bni, po nanebevstoupen\u00ed Spasitele nesoupe\u0159ili a za jeruzalemsk\u00e9ho biskupa zvolili Jakuba \u2013 bratra P\u00e1n\u011b. Na jin\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b sv. Kliment zd\u016fraz\u0148uje zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed roli t\u0159\u00ed apo\u0161tol\u016f: \u201eJakubovi Spravedliv\u00e9mu (bratr Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e), Janovi a Petrovi P\u00e1n po sv\u00e9m zmrtv\u00fdchvst\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edal v\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 ti p\u0159edali dal\u0161\u00edm apo\u0161tol\u016fm, a oni apo\u0161tol\u016fm ze sedmdes\u00e1ti.\u201c Tato tradice z\u0159ejm\u011b poch\u00e1z\u00ed z&nbsp;jeruzalemsk\u00e9 c\u00edrkve. S\u00e1m Kliment vysv\u011btluje, \u017ee tuto informaci z\u00edskal od jak\u00e9hosi \u017dida z&nbsp;Palestiny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Eusebios v&nbsp;D\u011bjin\u00e1ch c\u00edrkve cituje \u00d3rigena, jen\u017e vyprav\u00ed, \u017ee sv. apo\u0161tol Jan do\u017e\u00edval \u017eivot v&nbsp;Efesu. T\u00e9\u017e Eusebios na za\u010d\u00e1tku 4. st. zmi\u0148uje hrob sv. Jana v&nbsp;Efezu, potvrzuje to i dopis Polykrata Efezsk\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9mu pape\u017ei Viktorovi I. (186\u2013201).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ztoto\u017e\u0148ovan\u00ed apo\u0161tola Jana s&nbsp;autorem knihy Zjeven\u00ed doplnilo Jan\u016fv \u017eivotopis p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhem o jeho vyhnanstv\u00ed na ostrov Patmos, odkud byl propu\u0161t\u011bn kolem roku 96. O tomto vyhnanstv\u00ed se p\u00ed\u0161e i v&nbsp;listech spojovan\u00fdch se sv. Ign\u00e1cem Bohonoscem. Tato efezsk\u00e1 tradice pak ovlivnila v\u00fdvoj \u00facty k sv. Janovi na Patmose v&nbsp;dob\u011b rozkvetu Byzance.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Podle sv\u011bdectv\u00ed sv. Ireneje z&nbsp;Lyonu apo\u0161tol Jan st\u00e1le \u017eil v&nbsp;Efezu je\u0161t\u011b za c\u00edsa\u0159e Traj\u00e1na (98\u2013117) a jednoho dne zde v l\u00e1zni spat\u0159il heretika Kerintha a okam\u017eit\u011b utekl. V&nbsp;Efezu se jeho u\u010dedn\u00edkem stal budouc\u00ed sv. mu\u010dedn\u00edk Polykarp ze Smyrny. Dal\u0161\u00edm u\u010dedn\u00edkem evangelisty byl sv. mu\u010dedn\u00edk Ign\u00e1c Bohonosec. O \u017eivot\u011b milovan\u00e9ho u\u010dedn\u00edka Krista v&nbsp;Efezu p\u00ed\u0161e i Kliment Alexandrijsk\u00fd. Apo\u0161tol zde sv\u011btil biskupy pro vedlej\u0161\u00ed obce, zakl\u00e1dal nov\u00e9 c\u00edrkve, smi\u0159oval bratry, a jednou dokonce vr\u00e1til do c\u00edrkve mlad\u00edka, jen\u017e se stal lupi\u010dem. C\u00edrkevn\u00ed autor za\u010d\u00e1tku 3. st. Apollonius Efezsk\u00fd psal, \u017ee apo\u0161tol Jan vzk\u0159\u00edsil v&nbsp;Efezu zem\u0159el\u00e9ho.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Eusebios tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee Jan napsal evangelium na \u017e\u00e1dost t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed cht\u011bli v\u011bd\u011bt o skutc\u00edch Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista p\u0159ed uv\u011bzn\u011bn\u00edm Jana K\u0159titele. Klement Alexandrijsk\u00fd \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee Jan Teolog napsal \u201educhovn\u00ed evangelium\u201c na rozd\u00edl od synoptick\u00fdch, v&nbsp;nich\u017e se p\u00ed\u0161e p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b o \u201epozemsk\u00fdch skutc\u00edch Krista\u201c. Sv. Irenej z Lyonu zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee Jan napsal pr\u00e1v\u011b v Efezu. Byzantsk\u00fd hagiograf Epifanius Mnich (9. st.) v \u201e\u017divot\u011b apo\u0161tola Ond\u0159eje\u201c, op\u00edraje se o nedochovan\u00fd \u0159eck\u00fd zdroj, zmi\u0148uje spole\u010dn\u00e9 k\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed apo\u0161tola Ond\u0159eje a Jana v Efezu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V c\u00edrkevn\u00ed literatu\u0159e 2. a 3. st. se tak projevuj\u00ed dv\u011b biografick\u00e9 tradice Jana Teologa. Prvn\u00ed je kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 \u2013 jeruzalemsk\u00e1, druh\u00e1, efezsk\u00e1, je rozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed, jej\u00edm zakladatelem byl podle v\u0161eho Papias z&nbsp;Hierapole, jen\u017e poslouchal u\u010dedn\u00edky sv. Jana \u010di dokonce jeho sam\u00e9ho. Papias psal, \u017ee apo\u0161toly Jana a Jakuba zavra\u017edili \u017did\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Evangelista Jan byl velice popul\u00e1rn\u00ed postavou mezi gnostiky. P\u0159ipisovali mu gnostick\u00fd Jan\u016fv apokryf, kter\u00fd je zn\u00e1m v&nbsp;r\u016fzn\u00fdch variant\u00e1ch. Text vypr\u00e1v\u00ed o stvo\u0159en\u00ed sv\u011bta, toto zjeven\u00ed sv. Jan \u00fadajn\u011b z\u00edskal na pou\u0161ti po nanebevstoupen\u00ed Krista. Tento apokryf cituje i sv. Irenej z&nbsp;Lyonu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tertullian prvn\u00ed mezi latinsk\u00fdmi autory zmi\u0148uje sv. Jana Teologa. Podle n\u011bj Jan vedl panensk\u00fd \u017eivot, zalo\u017eil n\u011bkolik c\u00edrkevn\u00edch komunit v&nbsp;Asii, ustanovil sv. Polykarpa biskupem Smyrny. Tertullian tak\u00e9 zmi\u0148uje Janovo utrpen\u00ed v&nbsp;\u0158\u00edm\u011b \u2013 apo\u0161tola vhodili do kotle s&nbsp;va\u0159\u00edc\u00edm olejem, co\u017e mu ale v\u016fbec neu\u0161kodilo, a n\u00e1sledn\u011b ho poslali do vyhnanstv\u00ed na o. Patmos. Autor tak zd\u016fraznil apo\u0161tolsk\u00fd p\u016fvod \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 c\u00edrkve, v n\u00ed\u017e se podle jeho n\u00e1zoru zachovalo prav\u00e9 Kristovo u\u010den\u00ed. Stejn\u011b jako \u0159e\u010dt\u00ed auto\u0159i, Tertullian psal o \u010dinnosti Jana Teologa v Efezu, o jeho polemik\u00e1ch s heretiky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biskup Viktor\u00edn z Ptuje (\u2020 303\/4) p\u0159irovnal liter\u00e1rn\u00ed styl Janova evangelia k letu orla a t\u00edm vysv\u011btloval symbolick\u00e9 zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed evangelisty jako orla. Na jin\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b Viktor\u00edn zmi\u0148uje Janovo vyhnanstv\u00ed a jeho n\u00e1vrat po smrti c\u00edsa\u0159e Domitiana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na konci 5. stolet\u00ed se n\u011bkter\u00e9 informace o sv. Janovi zahrnuj\u00ed do p\u0159edmluv k&nbsp;evangeli\u00edm. Autor jedn\u00e9 z&nbsp;nich tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee se Jan cht\u011bl o\u017eenit, ale Kristus p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dil sv\u00e9ho milovan\u00e9ho u\u010dedn\u00edka zachov\u00e1vat panenstv\u00ed. V&nbsp;t\u00e9\u017e p\u0159edmluv\u011b se popisuje smrt evangelisty v&nbsp;Efezu. Po modlitb\u011b sestoupil do vykopan\u00e9ho hrobu a na\u0159\u00eddil sv\u00fdm u\u010dedn\u00edk\u016fm, aby ho zakopali za\u017eiva.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Svat\u00fd Jeron\u00fdm ze Stridonu p\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee Jan Teolog zem\u0159el v&nbsp;68. roce po uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed Krista. Jeron\u00fdm se zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 na datov\u00e1n\u00ed Eusebia \u2013 Kristus podle n\u011bj byl uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n v roce 32 a Jan Teolog zem\u0159el ve 3. roce Trajanovy vl\u00e1dy, tedy v&nbsp;roce 100. Zaj\u00edmav\u00fd je Jeron\u00fdm\u016fv p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o tom, \u017ee na sklonku \u017eivota apo\u0161tol mohl chodit do chr\u00e1mu jen s pomoc\u00ed u\u010dedn\u00edk\u016f. U\u017e nebyl schopen jasn\u011b mluvit jen po\u0159\u00e1d opakoval: \u201eD\u011bti, milujte se navz\u00e1jem.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Svat\u00fd Augustin zd\u016fraz\u0148oval, \u017ee Janovo evangelium posiluje mysl a osvobozuje ji od t\u011blesn\u00fdch pout. P\u0159isuzuje tak\u00e9 hlubok\u00fd symbolick\u00fd v\u00fdznam tomu, \u017ee apo\u0161tol Jan le\u017eel p\u0159i ve\u010de\u0159i na prsou Krista a vid\u00ed v tom v\u00fdraz zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho duchovn\u00edho spojen\u00ed mezi Kristem a Janem. Kristus je podle Augustina pramenem pravdy a evangelista je potokem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Augustin znal apokryfn\u00ed legendy o sv. Janovi, ale pochyboval o jejich spolehlivosti. Augustin tak\u00e9 kriticky pohl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed na pod\u00e1n\u00ed o tom, \u017ee Jan Teolog byl poh\u0159ben za\u017eiva a dodnes sp\u00ed pod zem\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako na lidov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy o tom, \u017ee se zem\u011b na jeho hrob\u011b zved\u00e1 dechem sp\u00edc\u00edho apo\u0161tola.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Redakce<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-1 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-3 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/3-3.jpg\" data-lbwps-width=\"1991\" data-lbwps-height=\"2960\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"http:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/3-3-202x300.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"689\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/3-3-689x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"451\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/3-3-scaled.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/2021\/10\/20\/jan-teolog\/3-3\/#main\" class=\"wp-image-451\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/3-3-689x1024.jpg 689w, https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/3-3-202x300.jpg 202w, https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/3-3-768x1142.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/3-3-1033x1536.jpg 1033w, https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/3-3-1378x2048.jpg 1378w, https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/3-3-1920x2854.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/3-3-scaled.jpg 1722w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 689px) 100vw, 689px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Apo\u0161tol Jan byl jedn\u00edm z nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch u\u010dedn\u00edk\u016f Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista, s jeho\u017e jm\u00e9nem c\u00edrkevn\u00ed tradice spojuje \u0159adu kanonick\u00fdch text\u016f Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona: Janovo evangelium, epi\u0161toly a Zjeven\u00ed.&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":453,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[30],"class_list":["post-411","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-svatky-a-svetci","tag-2021-10","has-post-thumbnail-archive"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/411","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=411"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/411\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":454,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/411\/revisions\/454"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/453"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=411"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=411"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=411"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}