{"id":3843,"date":"2026-03-04T14:38:43","date_gmt":"2026-03-04T13:38:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/?p=3843"},"modified":"2026-04-04T14:38:55","modified_gmt":"2026-04-04T13:38:55","slug":"golgota-studie-o-semantice-nazvu-a-historickem-umisteni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/2026\/03\/04\/golgota-studie-o-semantice-nazvu-a-historickem-umisteni\/","title":{"rendered":"Golgota: Studie o s\u00e9mantice n\u00e1zvu a historick\u00e9m um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Studium biblick\u00fdch m\u00edst je z\u00e1kladem pro pochopen\u00ed text\u016f evangeli\u00ed v jejich historick\u00e9m a lingvistick\u00e9m kontextu. Tato studie se zam\u011b\u0159uje na m\u00edsto uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed P\u00e1na Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista a sna\u017e\u00ed se vysv\u011btlit nejasnosti ohledn\u011b jeho n\u00e1zvu v aramej\u0161tin\u011b, hebrej\u0161tin\u011b a \u0159e\u010dtin\u011b, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e zkoum\u00e1 historick\u00e9 a tradi\u010dn\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy stoj\u00edc\u00ed za t\u00edmto pojmenov\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edsta uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed: Lingvistick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evangelia podle Matou\u0161e, Marka a Jana se shoduj\u00ed na semitsk\u00e9m n\u00e1zvu m\u00edsta uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00fdm je \u201eGolgota\u201c<\/strong>. Sou\u010dasn\u011b uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed jeho \u0159eck\u00fd p\u0159eklad \u201e\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u201c<\/strong> (kran\u00edon), p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e oba v\u00fdrazy znamenaj\u00ed \u201elebka\u201c<\/strong>. Mno\u017estv\u00ed r\u016fznorod\u00fdch evangeln\u00edch sv\u011bdectv\u00ed potvrzuje, \u017ee n\u00e1zev tohoto m\u00edsta vych\u00e1z\u00ed ze starobyl\u00e9 tradice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V aramej\u0161tin\u011b se toto m\u00edsto naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201eGulgaltha\u201c<\/strong>, av\u0161ak p\u0159i p\u0159episu do \u0159e\u010dtiny bylo vypu\u0161t\u011bno druh\u00e9 p\u00edsmeno \u201el\u201c, aby se usnadnila v\u00fdslovnost a zabr\u00e1nilo se opakov\u00e1n\u00ed dvou podobn\u00fdch slabik. Jedn\u00e1 se o z\u00e1m\u011brnou fonetickou \u00fapravu (disimilaci<\/strong>) pro snaz\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdslovnost v \u0159e\u010dtin\u011b, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 pot\u00ed\u017ee s opakov\u00e1n\u00edm stejn\u00fdch souhl\u00e1sek nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch v t\u011bsn\u00e9 bl\u00edzkosti. Hebrejsk\u00fd v\u00fdraz zn\u00ed \u201eGulgolet\u201c<\/strong>, co\u017e je forma, kter\u00e1 se v arab\u0161tin\u011b (a n\u00e1sledn\u011b v mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch jazyc\u00edch) dochovala dodnes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evangeln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup k pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Badatel\u00e9 si v\u0161\u00edmaj\u00ed m\u00edrn\u00fdch rozd\u00edl\u016f v tom, jak o m\u00edst\u011b uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed mluv\u00ed jednotliv\u00ed evangelist\u00e9. Zat\u00edmco Marek uv\u00e1d\u00ed semitsk\u00fd v\u00fdraz jako prvn\u00ed a dopl\u0148uje jej fr\u00e1z\u00ed \u201eco\u017e v p\u0159ekladu znamen\u00e1\u201c, Matou\u0161 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 obrat \u201ekter\u00e9 se naz\u00fdv\u00e1\u201c (nebo \u201ezvan\u00e9\u201c). Luk\u00e1\u0161 semitsk\u00e9 pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed zcela vynech\u00e1v\u00e1 a spokoj\u00ed se s \u0159eck\u00fdm v\u00fdrazem \u201e\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u201c. Tyto rozd\u00edly nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee \u0159ecky mluv\u00edc\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 p\u0159ijali n\u00e1zev \u201e\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u201c jako ust\u00e1len\u00fd a b\u011b\u017en\u00fd term\u00edn pro ozna\u010den\u00ed tohoto m\u00edsta ve sv\u00fdch hovorech i spisech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Interpretace n\u00e1zvu: Pro\u010d \u201eLebka\u201c?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Existuje n\u011bkolik hypot\u00e9z, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed vysv\u011btlit p\u016fvod tohoto n\u00e1zvu, a lze je shrnout do t\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u00edch sm\u011br\u016f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Topografick\u00fd tvar:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0158eck\u00e9 lingvistick\u00e9 tvary mohou nazna\u010dovat, \u017ee n\u00e1zev odkazuje na fyzick\u00fd popis m\u00edsta. Je pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee se jednalo o zaoblen\u00fd pahorek, kter\u00fd svou k\u00f3nickou vyv\u00fd\u0161eninou p\u0159ipom\u00ednal lidskou lebku.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Teologick\u00e1 a starobyl\u00e1 tradice:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed ran\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165an\u0161t\u00ed auto\u0159i p\u0159ijali starou \u017eidovskou tradici, podle n\u00ed\u017e se na tomto m\u00edst\u011b nach\u00e1zel\u00a0\u201eAdam\u016fv hrob\u201c<\/strong>. Odtud poch\u00e1z\u00ed c\u00edrkevn\u00ed tradice zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed Adamovy lebky a kost\u00ed pod patou Kristova k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee, co\u017e symbolizuje vykoupen\u00ed cel\u00e9ho lidstva po\u010d\u00ednaje prvn\u00edm \u010dlov\u011bkem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Souvislost s \u00fa\u010delem m\u00edsta:<\/strong>\u00a0Je tak\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee n\u00e1zev vznikl proto, \u017ee \u0161lo o obvykl\u00e9 popravi\u0161t\u011b, kde byla t\u011bla odsouzen\u00fdch n\u011bkdy ponech\u00e1na bez poh\u0159bu, co\u017e vedlo k v\u00fdskytu lebek a kost\u00ed v t\u00e9to oblasti nebo jej\u00edm bezprost\u0159edn\u00edm okol\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Geografick\u00e9 um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed Golgoty: Mezi tradic\u00ed a archeologi\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ot\u00e1zka m\u00edsta uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edstavuje geografick\u00fd i historick\u00fd o\u0159\u00ed\u0161ek: Kde se dnes nach\u00e1z\u00ed m\u00edsto, kter\u00e9 slou\u017eilo jako popravi\u0161t\u011b v Jeruzal\u00e9m\u011b prvn\u00edho stolet\u00ed? Na kter\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b vn\u011b hradeb byl P\u00e1n Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n? Evangelista Jan uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee P\u00e1n byl poh\u0159ben bl\u00edzko m\u00edsta uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, co\u017e koresponduje s pot\u0159ebou rychl\u00e9ho poh\u0159bu, o kter\u00e9 se p\u00ed\u0161e v synoptick\u00fdch evangeli\u00edch. Vyvst\u00e1v\u00e1 tedy ot\u00e1zka: Je Chr\u00e1m Bo\u017e\u00edho hrobu skute\u010dn\u011b m\u00edstem, kde byl P\u00e1n poh\u0159ben, a je dne\u0161n\u00ed Golgota on\u00edm pahorkem?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. Chr\u00e1m Bo\u017e\u00edho hrobu: Historick\u00e9 a archeologick\u00e9 nalezi\u0161t\u011b<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Stavitel\u00e9 c\u00edsa\u0159e Konstantina Velik\u00e9ho se op\u00edrali o \u017eivou m\u00edstn\u00ed tradici jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00fdch k\u0159es\u0165an\u016f, kdy\u017e v letech 325\u2013335 postavili Chr\u00e1m Bo\u017e\u00edho hrobu, kter\u00fd zahrnuje jak m\u00edsto uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, tak hrob. K zachov\u00e1n\u00ed pam\u011bti o Golgot\u011b paradoxn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bl i c\u00edsa\u0159 Hadri\u00e1n<\/strong>, kter\u00fd v 2. stolet\u00ed nechal nad t\u00edmto m\u00edstem postavit pohansk\u00fd chr\u00e1m, \u010d\u00edm\u017e umo\u017enil jeho p\u0159esnou identifikaci v dob\u011b Konstantinov\u011b. A\u010dkoliv se dne\u0161n\u00ed chr\u00e1m nach\u00e1z\u00ed uvnit\u0159 hradeb Star\u00e9ho M\u011bsta, modern\u00ed topografick\u00e9 studie potvrdily n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed fakta:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • Druh\u00e1 hradba a historick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj:<\/strong>\u00a0Vykop\u00e1vky po 2. sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce prok\u00e1zaly, \u017ee tzv. druh\u00e1 severn\u00ed hradba z doby Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ovy (o kter\u00e9 p\u00ed\u0161e Josef Flavius) proch\u00e1zela ji\u017en\u011b a v\u00fdchodn\u011b od dne\u0161n\u00edho chr\u00e1mu. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee m\u00edsto bylo v dob\u011b uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed zcela vn\u011b hradeb, co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 \u017eidovsk\u00e9mu z\u00e1konu i evangeli\u00edm.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Hadri\u00e1n\u016fv pokus o eliminaci pam\u00e1tky Golgoty a hrobu t\u00edm, \u017ee nad nimi vystav\u011bl chr\u00e1m bohyn\u011b Afrodity, toto m\u00edsto v\u00a0podstat\u011b archeologicky ochr\u00e1nil. \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 n\u00e1spy fungovaly jako ochrann\u00fd obal, kter\u00fd uchr\u00e1nil sk\u00e1lu Golgoty i hrob p\u0159ed z\u00e1nikem nebo m\u011bstskou z\u00e1stavbou. To v\u0161e umo\u017enilo Konstantinov\u00fdm in\u017een\u00fdr\u016fm m\u00edsto p\u0159esn\u011b identifikovat na z\u00e1klad\u011b sv\u011bdectv\u00ed\u00a0Eusebia z Kaisareie<\/strong>\u00a0a\u00a0svat\u00e9ho Jeron\u00fdma<\/strong>. Tato sv\u011bdectv\u00ed potvrzuj\u00ed, \u017ee Golgota a hrob spolu sousedily pod stejnou \u0159\u00edmskou plo\u0161inou, co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 dne\u0161n\u00edmu uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed chr\u00e1mu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Povaha ter\u00e9nu:<\/strong>\u00a0Vykop\u00e1vky uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee m\u00edsto bylo od doby \u017eelezn\u00e9 (8.\u20137. stol. p\u0159. n. l.) kamenolomem, kter\u00fd byl v 1. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. p\u0159em\u011bn\u011bn na zahradu a rodinn\u00e9 poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011b. To p\u0159esn\u011b odpov\u00edd\u00e1 popisu evangelisty Jana (Jan 19,41):\u00a0\u201eV t\u011bch m\u00edstech, kde byl uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n, byla zahrada a v t\u00e9 zahrad\u011b nov\u00fd hrob…\u201c<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Pahorek Golgota:<\/strong>\u00a0Sk\u00e1la Golgoty se ty\u010d\u00ed 35\u201340 metr\u016f nad \u00farovn\u00ed star\u00e9ho lomu a byla dostate\u010dn\u011b viditeln\u00e1 pro kolemjdouc\u00ed z hradeb (m\u00edsto bylo bl\u00edzko m\u011bsta, Jan 19,20).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      2. Hypot\u00e9za \u201eZahradn\u00edho hrobu\u201c (Garden Tomb)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Od 19. stolet\u00ed se n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed protestant\u0161t\u00ed badatel\u00e9 (nap\u0159. gener\u00e1l Charles Gordon) pokou\u0161eli naj\u00edt alternativn\u00ed m\u00edsto severn\u011b od Dama\u0161sk\u00e9 br\u00e1ny. Atraktivita tohoto m\u00edsta se vysv\u011btluje \u00fatesem p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00edm lebku a bl\u00edzkost\u00ed jak\u00e9hosi star\u00e9ho hrobu v zahrad\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      V\u011bdeck\u00e9 d\u016fkazy v\u0161ak hovo\u0159\u00ed proti t\u00e9to teorii:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • Tradice:<\/strong>\u00a0Toto m\u00edsto postr\u00e1d\u00e1 jakoukoli starobylou tradici p\u0159ed 19. stolet\u00edm.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Eroze:<\/strong>\u00a0Tvar \u201elebky\u201c v \u00fatesu je v\u00fdsledkem modern\u00ed eroze a v 1. stolet\u00ed takto nevypadal.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Datace:<\/strong>\u00a0Archeolog Gabriel Barkay prok\u00e1zal, \u017ee hrob poch\u00e1z\u00ed z doby prvn\u00edho chr\u00e1mu (8. stol. p\u0159. n. l.), nikoliv z doby Kristovy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Souhra archeologick\u00fdch d\u016fkaz\u016f a starobyl\u00e9 c\u00edrkevn\u00ed tradice \u010din\u00ed z Chr\u00e1mu Bo\u017e\u00edho hrobu jedinou v\u011bdecky a historicky v\u011brohodnou volbu. Tradice z 2. a 4. stolet\u00ed maj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00e1hu ne\u017e modern\u00ed teorie, kter\u00e9 postr\u00e1daj\u00ed archeologickou oporu. M\u00edsto m\u00e1 nav\u00edc nezam\u011bnitelnou \u201egeologickou identitu\u201c, kter\u00e1 odpov\u00edd\u00e1 popisu zahrady vznikl\u00e9 v b\u00fdval\u00e9m lomu vn\u011b hradeb m\u011bsta. Studium Golgoty tak nen\u00ed jen hled\u00e1n\u00edm sou\u0159adnic, ale materi\u00e1ln\u00edm sv\u011bdectv\u00edm o okam\u017eiku, kdy se posv\u00e1tn\u00fd text st\u0159etl s pozemsk\u00fdmi d\u011bjinami. A ml\u010denliv\u00e9 sk\u00e1ly dodnes sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o Vykupiteli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Archimandrita Jack Khalil, Ph.D.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Studium biblick\u00fdch m\u00edst je z\u00e1kladem pro pochopen\u00ed text\u016f evangeli\u00ed v jejich historick\u00e9m a lingvistick\u00e9m kontextu. Tato studie se zam\u011b\u0159uje na m\u00edsto uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed P\u00e1na Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3844,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[115],"class_list":["post-3843","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biblistika","tag-2026-03","has-post-thumbnail-archive"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3843","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3843"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3843\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3845,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3843\/revisions\/3845"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3844"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3843"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3843"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3843"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}