{"id":3675,"date":"2025-12-20T16:46:44","date_gmt":"2025-12-20T15:46:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/?p=3675"},"modified":"2026-02-24T16:48:33","modified_gmt":"2026-02-24T15:48:33","slug":"odkud-pochazi-tradice-krizovat-se","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/2025\/12\/20\/odkud-pochazi-tradice-krizovat-se\/","title":{"rendered":"Odkud poch\u00e1z\u00ed tradice k\u0159i\u017eovat se?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

P\u0159esn\u00fd okam\u017eik vzniku t\u00e9to tradice nen\u00ed zn\u00e1m. Svat\u00fd Basil Velik\u00fd tvrdil, \u017ee k n\u00e1m p\u0159i\u0161la od apo\u0161tol\u016f, a\u010dkoliv nen\u00ed zaznamen\u00e1na v Bibli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Francouzsk\u00fd teolog Jean Dani\u00e9lou dosp\u011bl k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee znamen\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 ko\u0159eny v \u017eidovsk\u00e9 tradici, i kdy\u017e to m\u016f\u017ee zn\u00edt p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b. Podle n\u011bj v synagog\u00e1ln\u00ed bohoslu\u017eb\u011b doby Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista existoval ob\u0159ad, p\u0159i n\u011bm\u017e se na \u010dele ztv\u00e1r\u0148ovalo Bo\u017e\u00ed jm\u00e9no. Zapisovalo se dv\u011bma hebrejsk\u00fdmi p\u00edsmeny \u2013 \u201ealef\u201c (prvn\u00ed p\u00edsmeno hebrejsk\u00e9 abecedy) a \u201etav\u201c (posledn\u00ed p\u00edsmeno). P\u00edsmena symbolizovala to, \u017ee v Bohu je ve\u0161ker\u00e1 plnost byt\u00ed \u2013 B\u016fh zahrnuje v\u0161e, co lze vyj\u00e1d\u0159it lidsk\u00fdm jazykem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ko\u0159eny tohoto ob\u0159adu sahaj\u00ed a\u017e k proroctv\u00ed Ezechiela (9:4), kter\u00fd p\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee b\u011bhem katastrofy, je\u017e postihne Jeruzal\u00e9m, budou zachr\u00e1n\u011bni lid\u00e9, na jejich\u017e \u010dele and\u011bl P\u00e1n\u011b vyzna\u010d\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fd znak. Rab\u00edni se domn\u00edvali, \u017ee t\u00edmto znakem je p\u00edsmeno \u201etav\u201c \u2013 po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed p\u00edsmeno slova \u201et\u00f3ra\u201c (\u201ez\u00e1kon\u201c).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ji\u017e v dob\u011b Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e \u017eid\u00e9 na \u010delo vyobrazovali p\u00edsmena \u201ealef\u201c a \u201etav\u201c. Postupem \u010dasu, p\u0159i zjednodu\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto ob\u0159adu, se zachovalo pouze p\u00edsmeno \u201etav\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Autor V\u00fdkladov\u00e9 Bible Alexander Lopuchin ve sv\u00e9m koment\u00e1\u0159i k ver\u0161\u016fm Ezechiela p\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee p\u00edsmeno \u201etav\u201c ve starov\u011bk\u00fdch abeced\u00e1ch \u2013 hebrejsk\u00e9, samarit\u00e1nsk\u00e9, f\u00e9nick\u00e9, etiopsk\u00e9, \u0159eck\u00e9 i \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u2013 m\u011blo tvar k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee. Tento mal\u00fd k\u0159\u00ed\u017e symbolizoval Bo\u017e\u00ed jm\u00e9no a pro \u017didy p\u0159edstavoval zasv\u011bcen\u00ed cel\u00e9ho \u017eivota Bohu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stejn\u00fd v\u00fdznam m\u011blo znamen\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee i pro k\u0159es\u0165any prvn\u00edch stolet\u00ed, s t\u00edm rozd\u00edlem, \u017ee jim z\u00e1rove\u0148 p\u0159ipom\u00ednalo k\u0159\u00ed\u017eovou ob\u011b\u0165 Spasitele. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee i pohansk\u00fd spisovatel 2. stolet\u00ed L\u00fakianos poukazoval na spojitost \u0159eck\u00e9ho p\u00edsmene \u201etau\u201c s tvarem n\u00e1stroje popravy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proroctv\u00ed Ezechiela spojovali se znamen\u00edm k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee otcov\u00e9 c\u00edrkve \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed ve 3. stolet\u00ed: Tertulli\u00e1n, \u00d3rigen\u00e9s a svat\u00fd mu\u010dedn\u00edk Cypri\u00e1n z Kart\u00e1ga. \u00d3rigen\u00e9s dokonce d\u011bl\u00e1 paralely mezi \u201eznakem sp\u00e1sy\u201c, p\u00edsmenem \u201etav\u201c a k\u0159\u00ed\u017eem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee prvn\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 \u2013 stejn\u011b jako \u017eid\u00e9 \u2013 si znamen\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee d\u00e1vali pouze na \u010delo. Tertulli\u00e1n na konci 3. stolet\u00ed popisuje: \u201eCestuj\u00edce a p\u0159ech\u00e1zej\u00edce, vstupuj\u00edce do m\u00edstnosti a vych\u00e1zej\u00edce z n\u00ed, obouvaj\u00edce se, koupaj\u00edce se, sed\u00edce u stolu, zapaluj\u00edce sv\u00edce, lehaj\u00edce si, usedaj\u00edce \u2013 p\u0159i v\u0161em, co \u010din\u00edme, m\u00e1me si d\u011blat znamen\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee na \u010dele.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Popisuje liturgick\u00fd \u017eivot \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 c\u00edrkve ve 3. stolet\u00ed, svat\u00fd mu\u010dedn\u00edk Hippolyt \u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd p\u00ed\u0161e: \u201eV\u017edy se sna\u017e pokorn\u011b osv\u011bcovat sv\u00e9 \u010delo znamen\u00edm k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee alespo\u0148 b\u011bhem prvn\u00edch t\u0159\u00ed stolet\u00ed se k\u0159\u00ed\u017e zobrazoval na \u010dele ukazov\u00e1\u010dkem nebo palcem. Od 3. stolet\u00ed se pak objevuj\u00ed zm\u00ednky o tom, \u017ee se k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 znamen\u00ed pokl\u00e1d\u00e1 i na o\u010di, \u00fasta, hru\u010f a oblast srdce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201e\u2026A polo\u017eiv prst na \u00fasta, zobraz na rtech znamen\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee\u2026,\u201c p\u00ed\u0161e svat\u00fd Jeron\u00fdm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee starov\u011bk\u00e1 praxe pokl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed tzv. \u201emal\u00e9ho\u201c k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee se zachovala i u katol\u00edk\u016f. B\u011bhem m\u0161e, p\u0159ed \u010dten\u00edm evangelia, si kn\u011bz i v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed prav\u00fdm ukazov\u00e1\u010dkem \u010di palcem vykresluj\u00ed t\u0159i mal\u00e9 k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee \u2013 na \u010dele, \u00fastech a srdci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1m zn\u00e1m\u00fd \u201e\u0161irok\u00fd\u201c k\u0159\u00ed\u017e (od \u010dela k b\u0159ichu) se objevuje teprve ve 4. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201e\u017divotod\u00e1rn\u00fdm k\u0159\u00ed\u017eem jsou posv\u011bcov\u00e1ny na\u0161e domy, na\u0161e dve\u0159e, na\u0161e \u00fasta, na\u0161e hru\u010f, v\u0161echny na\u0161e kon\u010detiny. Bez k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee nic nepodnikejte; a\u0165 leh\u00e1te ke sp\u00e1nku nebo vst\u00e1v\u00e1te, pracujete nebo odpo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1te, j\u00edte nebo pijete, cestujete po sou\u0161i \u010di po mo\u0159i \u2013 st\u00e1le zdobte v\u0161echny sv\u00e9 \u010dleny t\u00edmto \u017eivotod\u00e1rn\u00fdm k\u0159\u00ed\u017eem,\u201c vyz\u00fdv\u00e1 svat\u00fd Efr\u00e9m Syrsk\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b tehdy k\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 za\u010dali k\u0159i\u017eovat nejen sv\u00e9 t\u011blo, ale i p\u0159edm\u011bty kolem sebe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tak nap\u0159\u00edklad svat\u00fd Cyril Jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00fd (4. stol.) p\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee k\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9, vyzn\u00e1vaj\u00edce Uk\u0159i\u017eovan\u00e9ho, zobrazuj\u00ed znamen\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee na \u010dele i na v\u0161em, co je obklopuje: \u201ena chlebu, kter\u00fd j\u00edme; na kalichu, z n\u011bho\u017e pijeme; a zn\u00e1zor\u0148ujme jej p\u0159i vstupech, p\u0159i v\u00fdstupech, kdy\u017e leh\u00e1me ke sp\u00e1nku a vst\u00e1v\u00e1me, kdy\u017e jsme na cest\u00e1ch i p\u0159i odpo\u010dinku.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Znamen\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee se p\u0159itom dost\u00e1v\u00e1 do bohoslu\u017eebn\u00e9ho \u017eivota je\u0161t\u011b d\u0159\u00edve. Ji\u017e \u00d3rigen\u00e9s sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee v\u0161ichni v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed se k\u0159i\u017eovali p\u0159ed za\u010d\u00e1tkem modlitby a \u010dten\u00edm P\u00edsma svat\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nej\u010dast\u011bji se k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 znamen\u00ed zmi\u0148uje jako neviditeln\u00e1 pe\u010de\u0165, kter\u00e1 odpuzuje \u010f\u00e1bla (Cypri\u00e1n z Kart\u00e1ga, Jan Zlato\u00fast\u00fd).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Otcov\u00e9 c\u00edrkve pova\u017eovali k\u0159\u00ed\u017e za nejlep\u0161\u00ed prost\u0159edek boje proti v\u00e1\u0161n\u00edm a poku\u0161en\u00edm. \u201eUrazil-li t\u011b n\u011bkdo?\u201c p\u00ed\u0161e Jan Zlato\u00fast\u00fd. \u201eOzna\u010d si hrudn\u00edk znamen\u00edm k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee; vzpome\u0148 si na v\u0161e, co se stalo na K\u0159\u00ed\u017ei \u2013 a v\u0161e pomine.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sv\u011btci znamen\u00edm k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee l\u00e9\u010dili v\u0159edy, had\u00ed u\u0161tknut\u00ed, o\u010dn\u00ed choroby a otravu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Svat\u00fd \u0158eho\u0159 Velik\u00fd p\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee n\u00e1doba s otr\u00e1ven\u00fdm n\u00e1pojem praskla pot\u00e9, co ji svat\u00fd Benedikt z Nursie, kter\u00e9mu rovn\u011b\u017e hrozilo otr\u00e1ven\u00ed, pok\u0159i\u017eoval.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0159es\u0165an\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci se k\u0159i\u017eovali p\u0159ed bojem. Svat\u00fd \u0158eho\u0159 z Nysy vzpom\u00ednal, \u017ee jeho sestra p\u0159ed smrt\u00ed \u201epolo\u017eila pe\u010de\u0165 znamen\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee na o\u010di, \u00fasta a srdce\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ke 4. stolet\u00ed nebyl v \u017eivot\u011b k\u0159es\u0165ana \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd okam\u017eik, kter\u00fd by neprob\u00edhal pod znamen\u00edm k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Bohu\u017eel nev\u00edme, jak p\u0159esn\u011b se tehdej\u0161\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 k\u0159i\u017eovali. Nej\u010dast\u011bji to \u010dinili jedn\u00edm prstem, o takov\u00e9m zp\u016fsobu sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed Epifanius Kypersk\u00fd, Jeron\u00fdm Stridonsk\u00fd, Theodoret z Kyrrhu, historik Sozomenos a \u0158eho\u0159 Velik\u00fd. Existuj\u00ed v\u0161ak i sv\u011bdectv\u00ed, \u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 mohli znamen\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee vykon\u00e1vat celou dlan\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ze slov Theodora Studity lze vyvodit, \u017ee po\u010det prst\u016f i zp\u016fsob jejich skl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed tehdy hr\u00e1ly druho\u0159adou roli. Hlavn\u00ed v\u00fdznam m\u011bl samotn\u00fd k\u0159\u00ed\u017e. Sv\u011btec p\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee k\u0159es\u0165an, kter\u00fd zobraz\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017e \u201ejakkoli, a dokonce jen jedin\u00fdm prstem, okam\u017eit\u011b zah\u00e1n\u00ed d\u00e9mona\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed ru\u0161t\u00ed historikov\u00e9 konce 19. a po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed se domn\u00edvali, \u017ee po 4. v\u0161eobecn\u00e9m sn\u011bmu se k\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 za\u010dali k\u0159i\u017eovat nikoli jedn\u00edm, ale dv\u011bma prsty. Tento zp\u016fsob se stal symbolick\u00fdm vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00edm dogmatu o bo\u017esk\u00e9 a lidsk\u00e9 p\u0159irozenosti Krista. Neexistuj\u00ed v\u0161ak spolehliv\u00e1 potvrzen\u00ed t\u00e9to teorie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zobrazen\u00ed svat\u00fdch s dv\u011bma slo\u017een\u00fdmi prsty lze spat\u0159it na mozaik\u00e1ch n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch chr\u00e1m\u016f: nap\u0159\u00edklad na obrazu Zv\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed v katakomb\u00e1ch sv. Priscilly (3. stolet\u00ed) \u010di na mozaice \u201eZ\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fd \u00falovek\u201c v chr\u00e1mu sv. Apolin\u00e1\u0159e (4. stolet\u00ed).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Historik Golubinskij v\u0161ak pom\u011brn\u011b p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011b prok\u00e1zal, \u017ee na t\u011bchto ran\u00fdch ikon\u00e1ch nejde o skl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed prst\u016f pro znamen\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee, n\u00fdbr\u017e o jeden z \u0159e\u010dnick\u00fdch gest, kter\u00fd \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvali k upout\u00e1n\u00ed pozornosti. K\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 jej p\u0159evzali z u\u010debnice \u201eO v\u00fdchov\u011b \u0159e\u010dnick\u00e9\u201c Marka Fabia Quintiliana a zahrnuli do ikonografie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V p\u00edsemn\u00fdch pramenech se k\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed dv\u011bma prsty za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 objevovat na konci 9. stolet\u00ed. Nestori\u00e1nsk\u00fd metropolita Eli\u00e1\u0161 Geveri p\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee monofyzit\u00e9 se k\u0159i\u017euj\u00ed jedn\u00edm prstem, vedouce ruku zleva doprava, zat\u00edmco pravoslavn\u00ed a nestori\u00e1ni dv\u011bma prsty, a naopak zprava doleva.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pr\u00e1v\u011b v pr\u016fb\u011bhu sporu o dvou p\u0159irozenostech Spasitele se \u0158ekov\u00e9 za\u010dali k\u0159i\u017eovat dv\u011bma prsty. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed form\u011b znamen\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 p\u0159ikl\u00e1dat v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznam ne\u017e jeho vnit\u0159n\u00edmu obsahu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Polemika na toto t\u00e9ma na V\u00fdchod\u011b pokra\u010duje a\u017e do 12. stolet\u00ed, kdy se do obecn\u00e9ho u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed dost\u00e1v\u00e1 ji\u017e n\u00e1m zn\u00e1m\u00e1 praxe k\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed se t\u0159emi prsty jako odraz jin\u00e9ho dogmatu \u2013 o Nejsv\u011bt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Trojici.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je\u0161t\u011b o p\u011bt set let pozd\u011bji se ozv\u011bny t\u011bchto d\u00e1vn\u00fdch spor\u016f objevuj\u00ed na Rusi. Tam u\u017e v\u0161ak nemaj\u00ed v\u00e1\u017en\u00fd dogmatick\u00fd obsah. Jde o boj o \u010distotu formy mezi starov\u011brci a stoupenci patriarchy Nikona. To u\u017e je ale zcela jin\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Redakce<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

P\u0159esn\u00fd okam\u017eik vzniku t\u00e9to tradice nen\u00ed zn\u00e1m. Svat\u00fd Basil Velik\u00fd tvrdil, \u017ee k n\u00e1m p\u0159i\u0161la od apo\u0161tol\u016f, a\u010dkoliv nen\u00ed zaznamen\u00e1na v Bibli. Francouzsk\u00fd teolog Jean…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3676,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[71],"tags":[111],"class_list":["post-3675","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pravoslavi-v-praxi","tag-2025-12","has-post-thumbnail-archive"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3675","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3675"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3675\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3680,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3675\/revisions\/3680"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3676"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3675"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3675"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3675"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}