{"id":319,"date":"2017-02-19T12:05:20","date_gmt":"2017-02-19T11:05:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/?p=319"},"modified":"2021-11-19T12:06:04","modified_gmt":"2021-11-19T11:06:04","slug":"povzbuzeni-svatych-otcu-k-pokroku-v-dokonalosti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/2017\/02\/19\/povzbuzeni-svatych-otcu-k-pokroku-v-dokonalosti\/","title":{"rendered":"Povzbuzen\u00ed svat\u00fdch otc\u016f k pokroku v dokonalosti"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

(APOFTHEGMATA, v\u00fdroky a p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy pou\u0161tn\u00edch otc\u016f<\/em>. Praha: Benediktinsk\u00e9 arciopatstv\u00ed sv. Vojt\u011bcha a sv. Mark\u00e9ty, 2000. P\u0159elo\u017eil Ji\u0159\u00ed Pavl\u00edk.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fd\u0148atky z p\u0159edmluvy ke knize APOFTHEGMATA, v\u00fdroky a p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy pou\u0161tn\u00edch otc\u016f<\/em> (Marek Starowieyski)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apofthegmata pou\u0161tn\u00edch otc\u016f jsou nejorigin\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdtvorem starok\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 monastick\u00e9 literatury.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Slovo apofthegma<\/em>, sentence, v\u00fdrok, poch\u00e1z\u00ed z \u0159eck\u00e9ho slovesa apofthengomai<\/em> \u2013 vy\u0159knout, vyhla\u0161ovat a poprv\u00e9 se objevuje v Xenof\u00f3ntov\u00fdch (+ 354 p\u0159. Kr.) Hell\u00e9nik\u00e1ch<\/em>. M\u016f\u017eeme tak\u00e9 uv\u00e9st n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed definici apofthegmatu: je to elegantn\u00ed, vtipn\u00fd, \u00fase\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdrok, kter\u00fd obsahuje alespo\u0148 obecn\u00fd popis okolnost\u00ed, za nich\u017e byl prosloven (kdo, kdy, pro\u010d). Takov\u00e1 forma se vyskytuje v nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch starov\u011bk\u00fdch sb\u00edrk\u00e1ch apofthegmat (Apophtegmata rerum et imperatorum<\/em> a Pseudopl\u00fatarchova Apophtegmata Laconika<\/em>). Klasick\u00e1 forma apofthegmatu zn\u00ed: \u201eZeptal se\u2026 odpov\u011bd\u011bl\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Samotn\u00e9 pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed apofthegma <\/em>se objevilo pom\u011brn\u011b pozd\u011b, a\u017e ve 4. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. Kr. u Xenof\u00f3nta, ale sentence jako takov\u00e9 nach\u00e1z\u00edme u\u017e na po\u010d\u00e1tku \u0159eck\u00e9 kultury.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apofthegmata pou\u0161tn\u00edch otc\u016f vznikla jako z\u00e1konit\u00fd produkt poustevnick\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed. Lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed se rozhodli pro \u017eivot v komunit\u011b, jako pach\u00f3miov\u0161t\u00ed mni\u0161i, pod\u0159\u00eddili sv\u016fj \u017eivot r\u016fzn\u00fdm p\u0159edpis\u016fm, v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b dokonal\u00fdm, takov\u00fdm, jak\u00e9 zn\u00e1me z \u0158ehol\u00ed sv. Pach\u00f3mia, a nav\u00edc ka\u017ed\u00fd t\u00fdden poslouchali promluvy sv\u00fdch p\u0159edstaven\u00fdch. Tyto disciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u0159edpisy a asketick\u00e1 nauka jim pom\u00e1hali ve sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed na cest\u011b ke sp\u00e1se. Ve zcela jin\u00e9 situaci se ocitali mni\u0161i, kte\u0159\u00ed se rozhodli pro osam\u011bl\u00fd \u017eivot na pou\u0161ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00edsmo bylo podstatou jejich duchovn\u00edho \u017eivota, co\u017e pochopiteln\u011b neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee \u0159e\u0161ilo jejich konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed ka\u017edodenn\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed probl\u00e9my. Proto tak\u00e9 hledali pomoc u jin\u00fdch, zku\u0161en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch mnich\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed byli zv\u00e1ni otci (\u0159ec. ger\u00f3n<\/em>, sta\u0159ec, kopt. abba<\/em>). A pr\u00e1v\u011b term\u00edn \u201eabba\u201c tvo\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1klad cel\u00e9ho liter\u00e1rn\u00edho \u017e\u00e1nru apofthegmat. Abba, otec, byl v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fd sv\u00fdmi zku\u0161enostmi, znalost\u00ed duchovn\u00edch v\u011bc\u00ed, moudrost\u00ed, darem rozli\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed a zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm charismatem, Bo\u017e\u00edm darem\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kdesi v z\u00e1kladech \u017e\u00e1nru apofthegmat je tedy jako jeden prvek zabudov\u00e1no charisma starce spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed v daru slova, o n\u011b\u017e se d\u011blili s jin\u00fdmi\u2026 Druh\u00fdm prvkem v z\u00e1kladech \u017e\u00e1nru je osobn\u00ed styk: z jedn\u00e9 strany u\u010ditel \u2013 otec, z druh\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1k \u2013 duchovn\u00ed syn. Pr\u00e1v\u011b duchovn\u00edmu synu p\u0159ed\u00e1val otec Bo\u017e\u00ed nauku p\u0159izp\u016fsobenou jeho pot\u0159eb\u00e1m a situaci\u2026 T\u0159et\u00edm prvkem je otev\u0159enost v\u016f\u010di tomuto slovu a jeho p\u0159ijet\u00ed ze strany \u017e\u00e1ka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak jsme si v\u0161imli, apofthegmata tvo\u0159\u00ed zcela zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed liter\u00e1rn\u00ed \u017e\u00e1nr. Jsou to d\u00edla, jejich\u017e \u00fa\u010delem je pomoci \u010dlov\u011bku na cest\u011b ke sp\u00e1se. Nejedn\u00e1 se tedy o intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed, ale o zcela praktick\u00fd c\u00edl. Apofthegmata nejsou plodem \u00favah, ale sp\u00ed\u0161 duchovn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti a modlitby. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apofthegmata obsahuj\u00ed slova a my\u0161lenky vytr\u017een\u00e9 z kontextu poustevn\u00edkova \u017eivota \u2013 takov\u00e9, je\u017e on s\u00e1m nebo ten, kdo je sb\u00edral, pova\u017eoval za nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed; proto jsou tak \u00fatr\u017ekovit\u00e1. Tvo\u0159\u00ed bleskov\u00fd vhled do duchovn\u00edho \u017eivota velmi r\u016fznorod\u00fdch mnich\u016f. Jsou zna\u010dn\u011b subjektivn\u00ed, t\u00fdkaj\u00ed se pot\u0159eb konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch osob, tak\u017ee z nich lze jen t\u011b\u017eko sestavit n\u011bjakou v\u0161eobecnou teorii duchovn\u00edho \u017eivota. Apofthegmata jsou v\u00fdtvorem \u0161k\u00e1ly r\u016fzn\u00fdch lid\u00ed: od intelektu\u00e1l\u016f a\u017e k prost\u00fdm fel\u00e1h\u016fm. Jsou velmi pestr\u00e1: od typick\u00fdch apofthegmat, sentenc\u00ed, povzbudiv\u00fdch pov\u00eddek a\u017e po \u010d\u00e1st asketick\u00fdch d\u011bl, homili\u00ed atd., a poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z obdob\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 sta let (od poloviny 4. do p\u016flky 5. stolet\u00ed).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Povzbuzen\u00ed svat\u00fdch otc\u016f k pokroku v dokonalosti<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abba Pamb\u00f3 se zeptal abba Ant\u00f3nia: \u201eCo m\u00e1m d\u011blat?\u201c Sta\u0159ec mu \u0159ekl: \u201eNespol\u00e9hej na vlastn\u00ed spravedlnost. Nelituj toho, co u\u017e pat\u0159\u00ed minulosti, a ovl\u00e1dni jazyk a b\u0159icho.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jeden bratr po\u017e\u00e1dal abba Izai\u00e1\u0161e o duchovni radu. Sta\u0159ec mu \u0159ekl: \u201eChce\u0161-li n\u00e1sledovat na\u0161eho P\u00e1na Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e, zachov\u00e1vej jeho slovo. Chce\u0161-li s n\u00edm uk\u0159i\u017eovat sv\u00e9ho star\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka, mus\u00ed\u0161 nadosmrti odm\u00edtnout ka\u017ed\u00e9ho, kdo se t\u011b sna\u017e\u00ed sejmout z k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee. Mus\u00ed\u0161 se p\u0159ipravit na sn\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed pohrd\u00e1n\u00ed a na to, abys um\u011bl uti\u0161it srdce t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed ti ubli\u017euj\u00ed, a mus\u00ed\u0161 se poko\u0159it p\u0159ed t\u011bmi, kte\u0159\u00ed t\u011b cht\u011bj\u00ed zotro\u010dit, m\u00edt ml\u010denliv\u00e1 \u00fasta a neposuzovat nikoho ve sv\u00e9m srdci.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je\u0161t\u011b \u0159ekl, \u017ee n\u00e1maha, chudoba, pobyt v cizin\u011b, zmu\u017eil\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed a ml\u010den\u00ed plod\u00ed pokoru a pokora \u017ee d\u00e1v\u00e1 odpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed mnoha h\u0159\u00edch\u016f. Kdy\u017e v\u0161ak na toto \u010dlov\u011bk nedb\u00e1, sv\u011bta se pr\u00fd z\u0159\u00edk\u00e1 nadarmo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abba Marek \u0159ekl: \u201eZ\u00e1kon svobody u\u010d\u00ed cel\u00e9 pravd\u011b. Mnoz\u00ed lid\u00e9 mu rozum\u011bj\u00ed podle p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho pozn\u00e1n\u00ed, av\u0161ak m\u00e1lokdo jej ch\u00e1pe ve smyslu pln\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159ik\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed. Nehledej jeho vypln\u011bn\u00ed v p\u0159irozen\u00fdch ctnostech. \u010clov\u011bk toti\u017e nen\u00ed pokl\u00e1d\u00e1n za dokonal\u00e9ho v z\u00e1vislosti na nich. Vypln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1kona svobody je p\u0159ece skryto v Kristov\u011b k\u0159\u00ed\u017ei.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jeden bratr \u0159ekl starci: \u201ePov\u011bz mi, co je dobr\u00e9, a\u0165 to m\u016f\u017eu vykonat, a z\u00edskat d\u00edky tomu v\u011b\u010dn\u00fd \u017eivot.\u201c A sta\u0159ec pravil: \u201eCo je dobr\u00e9, v\u00ed B\u016fh, ale sly\u0161el jsem, \u017ee se kdosi z otc\u016f zeptal abba Nisther\u00f3a Velik\u00e9ho, p\u0159\u00edtele abba Ant\u00f3nia, co dobr\u00e9ho m\u00e1 vykonat, a on mu \u0159ekl: \u201aTo nen\u00ed jednoduch\u00e9. Jsou r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. P\u00edsmo \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee Abrah\u00e1m byl pohostinn\u00fd a B\u016fh byl s n\u00edm, a Eli\u00e1\u0161 miloval tichost a B\u016fh byl s n\u00edm, a David byl pokorn\u00fd a B\u016fh byl s n\u00edm. Ud\u011blej tedy to, co vid\u00ed\u0161, \u017ee si tv\u00e1 du\u0161e v souladu s Bohem p\u0159eje, a st\u0159e\u017e sv\u00e9 srdce.\u2018\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je\u0161t\u011b \u0159ekl abba Poim\u00e9n: \u201eSta\u010d\u00ed, kdy\u017e mnich nen\u00e1vid\u00ed dv\u011b v\u011bci a m\u016f\u017ee se osvobodit od sv\u011bta.\u201c Jeden bratr se ho zeptal: \u201eKter\u00e9 to jsou?\u201c A sta\u0159ec odpov\u011bd\u011bl: \u201eT\u011blesn\u00e9 pohodl\u00ed a plan\u00e1 sl\u00e1va.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abba Chomai \u0159ekl p\u0159ed smrt\u00ed sv\u00fdm syn\u016fm: \u201eNepob\u00fdvejte s bluda\u0159i a nenavazujte styk s \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edky. Va\u0161e ruce a\u0165 se nenatahuj\u00ed, aby shroma\u017e\u010fovaly, ale a\u0165 jsou sp\u00ed\u0161 nata\u017eeny, aby d\u00e1valy.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jeden bratr se zeptal starce, jak \u017e\u00edt, a sta\u0159ec odpov\u011bd\u011bl: \u201eJez tr\u00e1vu, obl\u00e9kej si tr\u00e1vu, spi na tr\u00e1v\u011b \u2013 tj. pohrdej v\u0161\u00edm \u2013 ale z\u00edskej si srdce ze \u017eeleza.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jeden ze starc\u016f \u0159\u00edkal: \u201eCo s\u00e1m nem\u00e1\u0161 r\u00e1d, ne\u010di\u0148 druh\u00e9mu. Nem\u00e1\u0161 r\u00e1d, kdy\u017e t\u011b n\u011bkdo pomlouv\u00e1? Ani ty nikoho nepomlouvej. Nem\u00e1\u0161 r\u00e1d, kdy\u017e t\u011b n\u011bkdo nespravedliv\u011b kritizuje? Ani ty nikoho nespravedliv\u011b nekritizuj. Nem\u00e1\u0161 r\u00e1d, kdy\u017e se k tob\u011b n\u011bkdo obr\u00e1t\u00ed z\u00e1dy nebo t\u011b uraz\u00ed nebo ti n\u011bco ukradne nebo ud\u011bl\u00e1 n\u011bco podobn\u00e9ho? Ani ty nikomu nic takov\u00e9ho ne\u010di\u0148. Tato rada sta\u010d\u00ed ke sp\u00e1se ka\u017ed\u00e9mu, kdo je s to ji zachovat.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jeden bratr se zeptal kohosi z otc\u016f: \u201eCo je to duchovn\u00ed \u017eivot?\u201c On odpov\u011bd\u011bl: \u201ePravdomluvn\u00e1 \u00fasta, svat\u00e9 t\u011blo, \u010dist\u00e9 srdce. Nevracet se v roztr\u017eit\u00fdch my\u0161lenk\u00e1ch zp\u00e1tky do sv\u011bta. Zp\u00edvat kaj\u00edcn\u011b \u017ealmy, \u017e\u00edt v tichosti a nem\u00edt v mysli nic jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed P\u00e1na.\u201c<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

(APOFTHEGMATA, v\u00fdroky a p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy pou\u0161tn\u00edch otc\u016f. Praha: Benediktinsk\u00e9 arciopatstv\u00ed sv. Vojt\u011bcha a sv. Mark\u00e9ty, 2000. P\u0159elo\u017eil Ji\u0159\u00ed Pavl\u00edk.) V\u00fd\u0148atky z p\u0159edmluvy ke knize APOFTHEGMATA, v\u00fdroky a…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":322,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[18],"class_list":["post-319","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-knizni-tipy","tag-2017-02","has-post-thumbnail-archive"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/319","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=319"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/319\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":323,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/319\/revisions\/323"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/322"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=319"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=319"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=319"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}