{"id":2789,"date":"2024-05-18T13:09:00","date_gmt":"2024-05-18T12:09:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/?p=2789"},"modified":"2024-06-18T13:09:16","modified_gmt":"2024-06-18T12:09:16","slug":"co-je-clovek-ze-na-neho-pamatujes-nacrt-pravoslavne-antropologie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/2024\/05\/18\/co-je-clovek-ze-na-neho-pamatujes-nacrt-pravoslavne-antropologie\/","title":{"rendered":"Co je \u010dlov\u011bk, \u017ee na n\u011bho pamatuje\u0161? N\u00e1\u010drt pravoslavn\u00e9 antropologie"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

B\u016fh stvo\u0159il sv\u011bt duchovn\u00ed, and\u011blsk\u00fd, a sv\u011bt materi\u00e1ln\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e po v\u0161ech dal\u0161\u00edch tvorech vytvo\u0159il\u2026 \u010dlov\u011bka, prach ze zem\u011b, a vdechl mu v ch\u0159\u00edp\u00ed dech \u017eivota. Tak se stal \u010dlov\u011bk \u017eiv\u00fdm tvorem<\/em> (Genesis 2:7).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jedine\u010dnost \u010dlov\u011bka spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v jeho \u00fa\u010dasti v obou sv\u011btech: podle t\u011bla je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed hmotn\u00e9ho sv\u011bta a podle du\u0161e sv\u011bta duchovn\u00edho. Hospodin u\u010dinil tak, \u201eaby z obou mohl m\u00edt \u010dlov\u011bk pot\u011b\u0161en\u00ed\u2026, maje po\u017eitek jak z Boha, podle Bo\u017esk\u00e9ho obrazu, tak z pozemsk\u00fdch blah… \u201c [sv. \u0158eho\u0159 z Nyssy].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eObda\u0159iv \u010dlov\u011bka nespo\u010detn\u00fdmi po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00edmi B\u016fh ho na zemi u\u010dinil takov\u00fdm, jak\u00fdm je s\u00e1m v nebi\u201c [sv. Jan Zlato\u00fast\u00fd]. Podle svat\u00e9ho Jana z Dama\u0161ku: \u201eB\u016fh n\u00e1s stvo\u0159il, abychom byli \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky jeho dobroty.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O kr\u00e1sn\u00e9m uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka s vd\u011b\u010dnost\u00ed Bohu sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed \u017ealmista: Tob\u011b vzd\u00e1v\u00e1m chv\u00e1lu za \u010diny, je\u017e bud\u00ed b\u00e1ze\u0148: podivuhodn\u011b jsem utvo\u0159en<\/em> (\u017dalm 139:14). V \u010dlov\u011bku se rozli\u0161uje hypost\u00e1ze neboli osobnost \u2013 ten, kdo \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u201ej\u00e1\u201c \u2013 a pat\u0159\u00edc\u00ed k hypost\u00e1zi p\u0159irozenost, kter\u00e1 se, jak ji\u017e bylo \u0159e\u010deno, skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze dvou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u2013 nehmotn\u00e9 du\u0161e a hmotn\u00e9ho t\u011bla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u011blo<\/strong> umo\u017e\u0148uje \u010dlov\u011bku fyzick\u00fd \u017eivot a je ide\u00e1ln\u00edm n\u00e1strojem pro \u010dinnost v hmotn\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Sv. \u0158eho\u0159 Teolog o n\u011bm mluv\u00ed takto: \u201eJsme povinni pe\u010dovat o t\u011blo, kter\u00e9 je na\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdm a spoluslu\u017eebn\u00edkem du\u0161e. I kdy\u017e jsem ho jako nep\u0159\u00edtele obvi\u0148oval z toho, co jsem od n\u011bj vytrp\u011bl, z\u00e1rove\u0148 ho miluji jako p\u0159\u00edtele, pro toho, kdo m\u011b s n\u00edm spojil\u201c. P\u00e9\u010de o t\u011blo v\u0161ak mus\u00ed m\u00edt p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 meze, nebo\u0165 \u201ep\u0159ehnan\u00e1 p\u00e9\u010de o t\u011blo je pro t\u011blo zbyte\u010dn\u00e1 a pro du\u0161i \u0161kodliv\u00e1\u201c [sv. Basil Velik\u00fd].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du\u0161e<\/strong> \u010dlov\u011bka je nehmotn\u00e1 a ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s t\u011blem je cenn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 p\u0159irozenosti. Du\u0161e o\u017eivuje a \u201esjednocuje lidsk\u00e9 t\u011blo skl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed se z r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed, a nedovoluje, aby se rozpadlo. Kdy\u017e du\u0161e opou\u0161t\u00ed t\u011blo, ono se rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 a tl\u00ed\u201c [sv. Simeon Nov\u00fd Teolog].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Patristick\u00e1 tradice rozli\u0161uje t\u0159i slo\u017eky du\u0161e: mysl, v\u016fli a srdce. Mysl<\/strong> je rozumovou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed du\u0161e. S\u00edly mysli jsou: pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, p\u0159edstavivost a pam\u011b\u0165. V t\u011ble j\u00ed odpov\u00edd\u00e1 hlavn\u011b mozek. \u201eMysl, nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed slo\u017eka du\u0161e, spojuje c\u00edt\u011bn\u00ed Bo\u017estv\u00ed, po\u017eadavky sv\u011bdom\u00ed a touhu po tom nejlep\u0161\u00edm\u2026\u201c [Sv. Teof\u00e1n Zatvornik]. V\u016fle<\/strong> je \u017e\u00e1dostivou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed du\u0161e a zdrojem vnit\u0159n\u00ed s\u00edly, kter\u00e1 sm\u011bruje \u010dlov\u011bka k vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm c\u00edl\u016fm. Srdce<\/strong> pat\u0159\u00ed k citov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti du\u0161e, j\u00ed\u017e se n\u011bkdy v asketice \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 hn\u011bviv\u00e1. Srdce je svat\u00fdmi otci pova\u017eov\u00e1no za st\u0159ed duchovn\u00edho \u017eivota \u010dlov\u011bka. \u201eT\u00edm se nerozum\u00ed srdce p\u0159irozen\u00e9… jde o alegorick\u00fd v\u00fdraz, kter\u00fd znamen\u00e1 vnit\u0159n\u00ed lidsk\u00fd stav, n\u00e1chylnosti a sklony\u201c [sv. Tichon Zadonsk\u00fd]. Ov\u0161em tato \u010d\u00e1st du\u0161e m\u00e1 p\u0159esnou lokalizaci v t\u011ble, \u201enach\u00e1z\u00ed se v horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti [fyzick\u00e9ho] srdce, stejn\u011b jako se mysl nach\u00e1z\u00ed v mozku\u201c [sv. Ignatij Brjan\u010daninov].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed pravoslavn\u00ed auto\u0159i hovo\u0159\u00ed tak\u00e9 o duchu<\/strong> \u010dlov\u011bka a vysv\u011btluj\u00ed, \u017ee \u201etoto je s\u00edla, kterou B\u016fh vdechl do tv\u00e1\u0159e \u010dlov\u011bka dovr\u0161iv jeho stvo\u0159en\u00ed… Duch vdechnut\u00fd Bohem se spojil s du\u0161\u00ed a pov\u00fd\u0161il ji nad v\u0161echny jin\u00e9 stvo\u0159en\u00e9 du\u0161e\u201c [sv. Teofan Zatvornik]. Lidsk\u00fd duch je tak ch\u00e1p\u00e1n jako nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed slo\u017eka du\u0161e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mezi projevy ducha v \u010dlov\u011bku zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed postaven\u00ed m\u00e1 sv\u011bdom\u00ed<\/strong>. Skrze n\u011bj na \u010dlov\u011bka p\u016fsob\u00ed Duch Svat\u00fd. Proto sv\u011bdom\u00ed je nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 na h\u0159\u00ed\u0161n\u00e9 v\u016fli. \u201eB\u016fh, kdy\u017e stvo\u0159il \u010dlov\u011bka, vtiskl do jeho p\u0159irozenosti znalost z\u00e1kona \u2013 sv\u011bdom\u00ed\u201c [sv. Jan Kassi\u00e1n]. \u201eSv\u011bdom\u00ed n\u00e1s ze v\u0161eho usv\u011bd\u010duje a ukazuje n\u00e1m, co m\u00e1me d\u011blat, a bude n\u00e1s soudit i v budouc\u00edm v\u011bku\u201c [sv. Jan Sinajsk\u00fd].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010clov\u011bk si sv\u00e9 vysok\u00e9 postaven\u00ed nezachoval a upadl do h\u0159\u00edchu, t\u00edm se poru\u0161ila jeho p\u0159irozenost, a to jak po str\u00e1nce fyzick\u00e9, tak i po str\u00e1nce duchovn\u00ed. Syn Bo\u017e\u00ed, P\u00e1n Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 Kristus, se vt\u011blil a stal se \u010dlov\u011bkem, ani\u017e by p\u0159estal b\u00fdt prav\u00fdm Bohem, a na k\u0159\u00ed\u017ei vykonal spasen\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka, otev\u0159el mu cestu k Bohu, k p\u016fvodn\u011b darovan\u00e9 bla\u017eenosti a obnov\u011b h\u0159\u00edchem poka\u017een\u00e9 p\u0159irozenosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aby \u010dlov\u011bk mohl \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b kr\u00e1\u010det touto cestou, mus\u00ed zaprv\u00e9 vstoupit do archy sp\u00e1sy \u2013 do Kristovy c\u00edrkve, a zadruh\u00e9 vynalo\u017eit ve\u0161ker\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na odstran\u011bn\u00ed v\u0161eho, co mu br\u00e1n\u00ed ve spojen\u00ed s Bohem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Askeze je prost\u0159edkem k dosa\u017een\u00ed tohoto c\u00edle, a proto\u017ee v\u0161echny \u010d\u00e1sti lidsk\u00e9 p\u0159irozenosti jsou posti\u017eeny h\u0159\u00edchem, v\u0161echny se mus\u00ed st\u00e1t p\u0159edm\u011btem asketick\u00e9ho nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed na cest\u011b ke svatosti. Tato cesta p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 ur\u010ditou n\u00e1vaznost, postupnost a dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch z\u00e1kon\u016f duchovn\u00edho \u017eivota.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00da\u010delem askeze ve vztahu k t\u011blu je pod\u0159\u00eddit jej duchu, jak p\u00ed\u0161e svat\u00fd Teof\u00e1n: \u201eAni v duchovn\u00edm [\u010dlov\u011bku] t\u011blo nemiz\u00ed, ale pod\u0159izuje se duchu a pracuje pro n\u011bj, ztr\u00e1c\u00ed sv\u00e1 p\u0159irozen\u00e1 pr\u00e1va: pr\u00e1vo na j\u00eddlo ztr\u00e1c\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm p\u016fstu, pr\u00e1vo na sp\u00e1nek bd\u011bn\u00edm, pr\u00e1vo na odpo\u010dinek neust\u00e1lou prac\u00ed a \u00fanavou, pr\u00e1vo na pot\u011b\u0161en\u00ed smysl\u016f samotou a tichem. B\u016fh nep\u0159eb\u00fdv\u00e1 tam, kde vl\u00e1dne t\u011blo, nebo\u0165 org\u00e1nem pro jeho komunikace s \u010dlov\u011bkem je duch.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Askeze ve vztahu k du\u0161i spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve zbaven\u00ed se \u0161patn\u00fdch, h\u0159\u00ed\u0161n\u00fdch skutk\u016f a v kon\u00e1n\u00ed dobr\u00fdch. Du\u0161e m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed v\u00e1\u0161n\u011b: p\u00fdchu, nen\u00e1vist, z\u00e1vist, hn\u011bv, skl\u00ed\u010denost a dal\u0161\u00ed. Mus\u00edme se jich zbavit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Askeze se dot\u00fdk\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti du\u0161e. Lidsk\u00e1 v\u016fle pro sp\u00e1su mus\u00ed p\u0159estat b\u00fdt \u0161kodlivou sv\u00e9vol\u00ed a dobrovoln\u00fdm rozhodnut\u00edm se pod\u0159\u00eddit v\u016fli Bo\u017e\u00ed, t\u00edm \u010dlov\u011bk uzn\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee d\u016fv\u011b\u0159uje Bohu v\u00edce ne\u017e sob\u011b a sv\u011b\u0159uje se jeho v\u016fli. Proto \u201edo jak\u00e9 m\u00edry n\u011bkdo omez\u00ed a poko\u0159\u00ed svou v\u016fli, do stejn\u00e9 m\u00edry usp\u011bje v dosa\u017een\u00ed sp\u00e1sy. A \u010d\u00edm tvrdo\u0161\u00edjn\u011bji se dr\u017e\u00ed sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed v\u016fle, t\u00edm v\u00edce \u0161kod si zp\u016fsob\u00ed.\u201c [sv. Efrem Syrsk\u00fd].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Askeze tak\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uje oblast mysli. \u201eMysl neust\u00e1le pot\u0159ebuje n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dty\u0159i ctnosti: odevzd\u00e1n\u00ed se Bohu, nep\u0159etr\u017eitou modlitbu; nestrannost v\u016f\u010di ka\u017ed\u00e9mu \u010dlov\u011bku; \u00fapln\u00e9 odm\u00edtnut\u00ed odsouzen\u00ed bli\u017en\u00edch\u201c [Sv. Ignatij Brjan\u010daninov].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zasahuje askeze i do oblasti srdce, nebo\u0165 \u201esrdce otr\u00e1ven\u00e9 h\u0159\u00edchem nep\u0159est\u00e1v\u00e1 rodit samo ze sebe, ze sv\u00e9 po\u0161kozen\u00e9 p\u0159irozenosti, h\u0159\u00ed\u0161n\u00e9 pocity a my\u0161lenky\u201c [sv. Ignatij Brjan\u010daninov]. Proto ve\u0161ker\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9ho \u017eivota je zam\u011b\u0159eno na n\u00e1pravu a obnovu srdce prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm pok\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jednou z hlavn\u00edch asketick\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed, dot\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se v t\u00e9 \u010di on\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e v\u0161ech \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 p\u0159irozenosti, je modlitba, kter\u00e1 dosahuje sv\u00e9ho vrcholu v praxi hesychasmu. Je to praxe povznesen\u00ed cel\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9 bytosti k Bohu skrze neust\u00e1lou modlitebn\u00ed komunikaci s Bohem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ov\u0161em \u010dlov\u011bk nen\u00ed schopen s\u00e1m vykonat \u00factyhodn\u00e9 asketick\u00e9 skutky. Krom\u011b vlastn\u00edho \u00fasil\u00ed pot\u0159ebuje Bo\u017e\u00ed pomoc, kter\u00e1 se mu pod\u00e1v\u00e1 jako milost skrze sv\u00e1tosti c\u00edrkve, z nich\u017e hlavn\u00ed je eucharistie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 asketick\u00e1 a modlitebn\u00ed praxe pom\u00e1h\u00e1 p\u0159ekon\u00e1vat h\u0159\u00edchem zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 rozd\u011blen\u00ed mezi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi \u010d\u00e1stmi lidsk\u00e9 p\u0159irozenosti, zejm\u00e9na mezi srdcem a mysl\u00ed, a \u201emysl oble\u010den\u00e1 v slova modlitby p\u0159itahuje k sob\u011b soucit srdce\u201c [sv. Ignatij Brjan\u010daninov]. A \u201ekdy\u017e se mysl a srdce stanou p\u0159\u00edbytkem Boha… pak se jeho p\u0159\u00edbytkem p\u0159irozen\u011b stanou du\u0161e i t\u011blo\u201c [sv. Ignatij Brjan\u010daninov]. \u010clov\u011bk se st\u00e1v\u00e1 duchovn\u00edm, zcela obnoven\u00fdm, prom\u011b\u0148uje se v n\u011bm mysl, srdce, v\u016fle i t\u011blo. Tomuto stavu prom\u011bn\u011bn\u00ed se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 zbo\u017e\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Redakce<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

B\u016fh stvo\u0159il sv\u011bt duchovn\u00ed, and\u011blsk\u00fd, a sv\u011bt materi\u00e1ln\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e po v\u0161ech dal\u0161\u00edch tvorech vytvo\u0159il\u2026 \u010dlov\u011bka, prach ze zem\u011b, a vdechl mu v ch\u0159\u00edp\u00ed dech \u017eivota.…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2790,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[89],"class_list":["post-2789","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-verouka","tag-2024-05","has-post-thumbnail-archive"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2789","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2789"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2789\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2791,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2789\/revisions\/2791"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2790"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2789"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2789"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2789"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}