Na za\u010d\u00e1tku ka\u017ed\u00e9ho roku si poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed dobr\u00fdm \u00famyslem d\u00e1v\u00e1me p\u0159edsevzet\u00ed kardin\u00e1ln\u011b zm\u011bnit sv\u016fj \u017eivot, pravideln\u011b chodit do chr\u00e1mu, v\u00edce \u010dasu v\u011bnovat modlitb\u011b, dodr\u017eovat p\u016fsty, milovat sv\u00e9 bli\u017en\u00ed a st\u00e1t se nakonec opravdov\u00fdmi k\u0159es\u0165any. Mus\u00edme se ale up\u0159\u00edmn\u011b p\u0159iznat, \u017ee ani jednou se n\u00e1m to nepoda\u0159ilo. Pro\u010d je zm\u011bna vlastn\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed a sm\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed tak nesm\u00edrn\u011b t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Z\u00e1hadn\u00e1 metanoia<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Ka\u017ed\u00fd k\u0159es\u0165an, kter\u00fd se aspo\u0148 jednou odhodlan\u011b sna\u017eil zm\u011bnit sv\u016fj \u017eivot, ur\u010dit\u011b sly\u0161el \u0159eck\u00e9 slovo metanoia<\/em> (\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1). Doslovn\u011b se p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1 jako \u201azm\u011bna mysli\u2018. Skl\u00e1d\u00e1 se z\u00a0podstatn\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na nous<\/em> (\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2) \u2013 \u201amysl\u2018 a p\u0159edpony meta<\/em> (\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac), kter\u00e1 znamen\u00e1 zm\u011bnu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Pojem metanoia<\/em> b\u00fdv\u00e1 \u010dasto spojov\u00e1n s pojmem pok\u00e1n\u00ed<\/em>. Zde je ale t\u0159eba n\u011bco up\u0159esnit. Metanoia nen\u00ed pok\u00e1n\u00edm ve smyslu vyjmenov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00fdch h\u0159\u00edch\u016f na zpov\u011bdi, ale pok\u00e1n\u00edm ve smyslu dosa\u017een\u00ed stavu, v n\u011bm\u017e u\u017e nejde h\u0159e\u0161it. \u0158eck\u00e9 slov\u00ed\u010dko n\u00e1m napov\u00edd\u00e1, \u017ee nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed pok\u00e1n\u00ed je zm\u011bna sm\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed, kter\u00e1 ji\u017e \u010dlov\u011bku nedovoluje opakovat star\u00e9 h\u0159\u00edchy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n A co vlastn\u011b znamen\u00e1 nous<\/em>? Nen\u00ed to schopnost \u010dlov\u011bka usuzovat racion\u00e1ln\u011b, n\u00fdbr\u017e souhrn jeho duchovn\u00edch schopnost\u00ed. A opravdov\u00e9 pok\u00e1n\u00ed je t\u00edm p\u00e1dem zm\u011bnou vnit\u0159n\u00edho stavu \u010dlov\u011bka, vylad\u011bn\u00edm strun du\u0161e, a jako d\u016fsledek prom\u011bna jak my\u0161len\u00ed, tak skutk\u016f, po n\u00ed\u017e n\u00e1sleduje i celkov\u00e1 zm\u011bna \u017eivota.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Slo\u017eit\u00fd proces<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee slovo metanoia<\/em> vynalezli moud\u0159\u00ed \u0158ekov\u00e9. Ale v obdob\u00ed antiky byl rozsah v\u00fdklad\u016f slovesa metanoeo<\/em> zna\u010dn\u011b \u0161irok\u00fd. Podle \u0159eck\u00e9ho slovn\u00edku Liddell & Scott m\u00e1 t\u0159i hlavn\u00ed v\u00fdznamy: 1) pochopit n\u00e1sledn\u011b nebo p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 pozd\u011b; 2) zm\u011bnit sv\u016fj n\u00e1zor; 3) zcela se zm\u011bnit, obr\u00e1tit se.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0158eck\u00fd filosof Aristoteles pojem metanoia<\/em> nepou\u017e\u00edval, nicm\u00e9n\u011b v jeho textech implicitn\u011b zazn\u00edv\u00e1. V N\u00edkomachov\u011b etice je postul\u00e1t, \u017ee je pro \u010dlov\u011bka chybn\u00e9 myslet \u201elidsky\u201c, tj. \u0159\u00eddit se v\u011bcmi pozemsk\u00fdmi, smrteln\u00fdmi, a naopak ten, kdo dok\u00e1\u017ee p\u0159esm\u011brovat sv\u016fj lidsk\u00fd \u017eivot k bo\u017esk\u00e9mu, se p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed k bo\u017estv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ran\u00fd c\u00edrkevn\u00ed spisovatel Klement Alexandrijsk\u00fd ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle V\u00fdzva \u0158ek\u016fm<\/em> (Protreptikos pros Hell\u00e9nas) pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00fdraz \u201eobraz Bo\u017e\u00ed\u201c ve vztahu k lidsk\u00e9 mysli a ve spisu U\u010ditel<\/em> (Paidag\u00f3gos) vyjad\u0159uje my\u0161lenku, \u017ee mysl uv\u00e1d\u00ed do pohybu mechanismus narozen\u00ed nov\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka. \u201e…B\u016fh sv\u00fdm vdechnut\u00edm vtiskl do \u010dlov\u011bka sv\u016fj obraz. Bo\u017e\u00ed obraz nen\u00ed ve vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm vzhledu \u010dlov\u011bka (tento pohled je bezbo\u017en\u00fd), ale v jeho vl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti, v jeho mysli\u201c. Klement Alexandrijsk\u00fd byl jedn\u00edm z prvn\u00edch k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch teolog\u016f, kdo ch\u00e1pal pojem metanoia <\/em>jako obr\u00e1cen\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka k Bohu, z\u0159eknut\u00ed se star\u00e9ho, za\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed do nov\u00e9ho sv\u011bta, za\u010d\u00e1tek existence podle nov\u00fdch z\u00e1kon\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Teologov\u00e9 se dlouho dohadovali o tom, kde se v \u010dlov\u011bku nach\u00e1z\u00ed du\u0161e. Umis\u0165ovali ji, jako do n\u011bjak\u00e9 akropole, bu\u010f do mozku, nebo do srdce. Sv. \u0158eho\u0159 Palama ve sv\u00fdch Tri\u00e1d\u00e1ch p\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee na\u0161e mysl se nenach\u00e1z\u00ed uvnit\u0159 n\u00e1s jako v n\u00e1dob\u011b, proto\u017ee nen\u00ed t\u011blesn\u00e1, ani vn\u011b n\u00e1s, \u201eale je um\u00edst\u011bna v srdci jako ve sv\u00e9m n\u00e1stroji\u201c. Palama tak\u00e9 cituje Makaria Velik\u00e9ho, jen\u017e v\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee srdce vl\u00e1dne \u010dlov\u011bku, vl\u00e1dne my\u0161lenk\u00e1m i t\u011blu a \u201emy\u0161lenky vych\u00e1zej\u00ed ze srdce\u201c. Podobn\u011b jako B\u016fh je Trojic\u00ed, i obraz Boha v \u010dlov\u011bku je trojic\u00ed mysli, rozumu a ducha. Z mysli se rod\u00ed a vych\u00e1z\u00ed rozum a duch, jako z Otce se rod\u00ed a vych\u00e1z\u00ed Syn a Duch. Sv. \u0158eho\u0159 pova\u017euje mysl \u2013 nous \u2013 za nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed slo\u017eku lidsk\u00e9 du\u0161e a podle alexandrijsk\u00e9 teologick\u00e9 tradice vid\u00ed v n\u00ed obraz Bo\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Podle asketick\u00e9 tradice k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9ho V\u00fdchodu je srdce s\u00eddlem v\u016fle, intelektu a v\u0161ech lidsk\u00fdch schopnost\u00ed, z n\u011bj v\u0161e poch\u00e1z\u00ed a do n\u011bj se v\u0161e vrac\u00ed. Pravoslavn\u00fd teolog 20. stolet\u00ed Vladim\u00edr Losskij definuje mysl jako \u201es\u00eddlo osobnosti, tr\u016fn lidsk\u00e9 hypostaze, kter\u00e1 obsahuje celek sv\u00e9 p\u0159irozenosti \u2013 duch, du\u0161i a t\u011blo\u2026 Mysl se spojuje s milost\u00ed p\u0159ijatou ve k\u0159tu a vn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed milost do srdce \u2013 st\u0159edu lidsk\u00e9 p\u0159irozenosti, kter\u00e1 mus\u00ed b\u00fdt zbo\u017e\u0161t\u011bna. \u201eSjednocen\u00ed mysli se srdcem\u201c, \u201esestoupen\u00ed mysli do srdce\u201c, \u201echr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed srdce mysl\u00ed\u201c \u2013 tyto v\u00fdrazy se \u010dasto vyskytuj\u00ed v asketick\u00e9 literatu\u0159e v\u00fdchodn\u00ed c\u00edrkve\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Svat\u00fd Iz\u00e1k Syrsk\u00fd rozli\u0161uje na cest\u011b k dosa\u017een\u00ed stavu metanoia t\u0159i stupn\u011b: pok\u00e1n\u00ed, o\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a zdokonalov\u00e1n\u00ed. Metanoia je postupn\u00fd proces vedouc\u00ed k ontologick\u00e9 transformaci, ke zm\u011bn\u011b samotn\u00e9ho zp\u016fsobu lidsk\u00e9 existence. Metanoia je prvn\u00edm krokem na cest\u011b k prom\u011bn\u011bn\u00ed, k zbo\u017e\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 prov\u00e1z\u00ed cel\u00fd ten proces zdokonalov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00fd nem\u00e1 konce. \u010c\u00edm v\u00edce se sjednocujeme s Bohem, t\u00edm v\u00edce si uv\u011bdomujeme jeho nepoznatelnost, a \u010d\u00edm dokonalej\u0161\u00ed jsme, t\u00edm v\u00edce si uv\u011bdomujeme svou nedokonalost (Viz pojem epektasis<\/em>, Hlas pravoslav\u00ed 11\/2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Metanoia je z\u00e1rove\u0148 proces a v\u00fdsledek. Jako proces m\u016f\u017ee trvat cel\u00fd \u017eivot a jedno novoro\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159edsevzet\u00ed k dosa\u017een\u00ed tohoto duchovn\u00edho stavu nesta\u010d\u00ed. Je t\u0159eba si tak\u00e9 uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee metanoia nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e1 bez Bo\u017e\u00ed milosti. Na\u0161e sp\u00e1sa je obousm\u011brnou z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed \u2013 sm\u011b\u0159ujeme k Bohu, ale i B\u016fh vych\u00e1z\u00ed vst\u0159\u00edc n\u00e1m (Viz pojem synergie<\/em>, Hlas pravoslav\u00ed 11\/2023). Nikdy ale nesm\u00edme p\u0159estat o zm\u011bnu sm\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed usilovat. I v nov\u00e9m roce budeme \u010dinit pok\u00e1n\u00ed, o\u010di\u0161\u0165ovat sv\u00e9 srdce od v\u00e1\u0161n\u00ed, rozv\u00edjet ctnosti. A d\u00e1-li B\u016fh, nastane den, kdy h\u0159\u00edch za\u010dne pro n\u00e1s b\u00fdt nep\u0159edstaviteln\u00fd a n\u00e1m zcela ciz\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nad\u011b\u017eda Skvarnik<\/p>\n\n\n\n Pou\u017eit\u00e1 literatura: Julia Ustjugova, Transformace pojmu \u201emetanoia\u201c v n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 tradici<\/em> (https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/transformatsiya-ponyatiya-metanoyya-v-religioznoy-traditsii).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Na za\u010d\u00e1tku ka\u017ed\u00e9ho roku si poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed dobr\u00fdm \u00famyslem d\u00e1v\u00e1me p\u0159edsevzet\u00ed kardin\u00e1ln\u011b zm\u011bnit sv\u016fj \u017eivot, pravideln\u011b chodit do chr\u00e1mu, v\u00edce \u010dasu v\u011bnovat modlitb\u011b, dodr\u017eovat p\u016fsty, milovat…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2606,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[84],"class_list":["post-2605","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-verouka","tag-2024-01","has-post-thumbnail-archive"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2605","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2605"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2605\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2607,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2605\/revisions\/2607"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2606"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2605"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2605"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2605"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}