{"id":2586,"date":"2023-12-25T20:25:46","date_gmt":"2023-12-25T19:25:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/?p=2586"},"modified":"2024-01-03T20:26:05","modified_gmt":"2024-01-03T19:26:05","slug":"7-nejstarsich-zobrazeni-pana-jezise-krista-malby-mozaiky-reliefy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/2023\/12\/25\/7-nejstarsich-zobrazeni-pana-jezise-krista-malby-mozaiky-reliefy\/","title":{"rendered":"7 nejstar\u0161\u00edch zobrazen\u00ed P\u00e1na Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista: malby, mozaiky, reli\u00e9fy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Ikonoklastick\u00e9 obdob\u00ed se stalo trag\u00e9di\u00ed pro c\u00edrkevn\u00ed um\u011bn\u00ed, zna\u010dn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st ran\u00fdch zobrazen\u00ed Krista, Bohorodice a svat\u00fdch byla nel\u00edtostn\u011b zni\u010dena protivn\u00edky uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ikon. N\u011bco m\u00e1lo se v\u0161ak zachovalo. Uv\u00e1d\u00edme deset nejstar\u0161\u00edch um\u011bleck\u00fdch zobrazen\u00ed na\u0161eho P\u00e1na.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tradi\u010dn\u00ed ikonografick\u00e9 obrazy Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista se p\u00ed\u0161ou podle ur\u010dit\u00fdch k\u00e1non\u016f a jsou t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u017edy snadno rozpoznateln\u00e9 \u2013 D\u00edt\u011b v n\u00e1ru\u010d\u00ed Panny Marie, V\u0161evl\u00e1dce nebo Uk\u0159i\u017eovan\u00fd. V ran\u00e9m obdob\u00ed v\u0161ak zobrazen\u00ed Syna Bo\u017e\u00edho byla mnohem rozmanit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Kristus po\u0161lap\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ata v Arcibiskupsk\u00e9 kapli v Ravenn\u011b (konec 5. stolet\u00ed)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arcibiskupskou kapli v\u00a0italsk\u00e9 Ravenn\u011b zdob\u00ed mozaika zobrazuj\u00edc\u00ed Krista po\u0161lap\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho lva a hada. Tyto symbolick\u00e9 obrazy sahaj\u00ed k P\u00edsmu svat\u00e9mu: \u201eM\u00e1\u0161-li \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b v Hospodinu, u Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho sv\u016fj domov\u2026 po lvu a po zmiji \u0161lapat bude\u0161\u201c (\u017dalm 91:9, 13). Mlad\u00fd bezvous\u00fd Kristus je na t\u00e9to mozaice oble\u010den jako \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd voj\u00e1k, na prav\u00e9m ramenu dr\u017e\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017e, v\u00a0lev\u00e9 ruce m\u00e1 knihu, na kter\u00e9 je vid\u011bt n\u00e1pis \u201eEgo sum via, veritas et vita\u201c \u2013 \u201eJ\u00e1 jsem cesta, pravda a \u017eivot\u201c (Jan 14:6).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2. Dobr\u00fd Past\u00fd\u0159 v mauzoleu Gally Placidie (polovina 5. stolet\u00ed)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na ran\u011b k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch malb\u00e1ch, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b katakombn\u00edch, se Kristus \u010dasto zobrazoval jako prost\u00fd vesnick\u00fd past\u00fd\u0159. Ale mozaika v mauzoleu Gally Placidie v Ravenn\u011b m\u00e1 jin\u00fd styl. P\u00e1n Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 zde vypad\u00e1 sp\u00ed\u0161e jako kr\u00e1l ne\u017e jako provinci\u00e1ln\u00ed past\u00fd\u0159, i kdy\u017e je obklopen ove\u010dkami. Oble\u010den do drah\u00fdch \u0161at\u016f sed\u00ed v majest\u00e1tn\u00ed p\u00f3ze na pahorku symbolizuj\u00edc\u00edm tr\u016fn a v lev\u00e9 ruce dr\u017e\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017e p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 \u017eezlo. Nohy m\u00e1 zk\u0159\u00ed\u017een\u00e9, pravou rukou se dot\u00fdk\u00e1 ovce, ale jeho pohled je obr\u00e1cen jin\u00fdm sm\u011brem. D\u00edky t\u00e9to poloze se past\u00fd\u0159 st\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fdznamov\u00fdm st\u0159edem mozaiky: vid\u00ed v\u0161echny sv\u00e9 ove\u010dky a v\u0161echny ove\u010dky se d\u00edvaj\u00ed na n\u011bj. Um\u011blec se z\u0159ejm\u011b pokusil spojit politickou moc c\u00edsa\u0159e a bo\u017eskou moc Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e. Mozaika se vyzna\u010duje jemn\u00fdmi barevn\u00fdmi p\u0159echody a pou\u017eit\u00edm polot\u00f3n\u016f pro zobrazen\u00ed pleti. To v\u0161e spolu s bohat\u00fdm r\u00e1mem sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o vlivu antick\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

3. Uk\u0159i\u017eovan\u00fd bez k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee na dve\u0159\u00edch baziliky svat\u00e9 Sabiny na Aventinu (430\u2013432)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jeden z\u00a0nejstar\u0161\u00edch k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch kostel\u016f v\u00a0\u0158\u00edm\u011b postaven\u00fd v roce 432 si nejen zachoval sv\u016fj p\u016fvodn\u00ed architektonick\u00fd vzhled, ale dodnes m\u00e1 origin\u00e1ln\u00ed vy\u0159ez\u00e1van\u00e9 d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 dve\u0159e. Nezn\u00e1m\u00fd um\u011blec na nich zobrazil reli\u00e9fy ilustruj\u00edc\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 v\u00fdjevy ze Star\u00e9ho a Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona. Mezi nimi je jedno z nejstar\u0161\u00edch zobrazen\u00ed uk\u0159i\u017eovan\u00e9ho Krista. P\u00e1n Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 zde m\u00e1 podobu dlouhovlas\u00e9ho a vousat\u00e9ho mu\u017ee uk\u0159i\u017eovan\u00e9ho s\u00a0dv\u011bma lotry \u2013 jedn\u00edm po pravici a druh\u00fdm po levici. Kristus a lot\u0159i jsou v\u0161ak uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1ni bez k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee. D\u016fvodem podle badatel\u016f mohlo b\u00fdt to, \u017ee v ran\u011b k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9m obdob\u00ed se k\u0159\u00ed\u017e pova\u017eoval za symbol hanebn\u00e9, poni\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed popravy a jeho vyobrazen\u00ed bylo ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

4. Dobr\u00fd Past\u00fd\u0159 v Kalixtov\u00fdch katakomb\u00e1ch (4. stolet\u00ed)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kalixtovy katakomby jsou nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdm poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011bm. Zde se nach\u00e1z\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed malba typu Dobr\u00fd Past\u00fd\u0159. Kristus je na n\u00ed zobrazen v podob\u011b mlad\u00e9ho mu\u017ee, prost\u00e9ho past\u00fd\u0159e, s\u00a0v\u011bdrem ml\u00e9ka na krmen\u00ed ovc\u00ed. Na sv\u00fdch ramenou nese ber\u00e1nka.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

5. Uzdraven\u00ed krv\u00e1cej\u00edc\u00ed \u017eeny v katakomb\u00e1ch Marcel\u00edna a Petra (3. stolet\u00ed)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Slavn\u00e9 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 katakomby se vyu\u017e\u00edvaly jako poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011b. Mezi n\u00e1dhern\u00fdmi malbami katakomb svat\u00fdch Marcel\u00edna a Petra se nach\u00e1z\u00ed jeden z\u00a0nejstar\u0161\u00edch obraz\u016f zn\u00e1zor\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch evangeln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o Kristov\u011b uzdraven\u00ed \u017eeny, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla dvan\u00e1ct let krv\u00e1cen\u00ed a byla zachr\u00e1n\u011bna pro svou v\u00edru.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

6. Uzdraven\u00ed ochrnut\u00e9ho v Dura Eur\u00f3pos (r. 230)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Starobyl\u00e9 m\u011bsto nad \u0159ekou Eufrat na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00ed S\u00fdrie bylo zalo\u017eeno v roce 303 p\u0159. n. l. Po vyplen\u011bn\u00ed Per\u0161any bylo opu\u0161t\u011bno a zachovalo d\u00edky tomu vzhled, kter\u00fd m\u011blo v\u00a0prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b 3. stolet\u00ed na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu. V\u00a0jednom z\u00a0dom\u016f pobl\u00ed\u017e hradeb, jeho\u017e majitelem mohl b\u00fdt bohat\u00fd m\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatel, se nach\u00e1zela domovn\u00ed kaple. Jej\u00ed fresky jsou nejstar\u0161\u00edmi zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi pam\u00e1tkami k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed. Celkem se zachovalo 7 v\u00fdjev\u016f ze Star\u00e9ho a Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona: Dobr\u00fd Past\u00fd\u0159, ch\u016fze po vod\u011b, uzdraven\u00ed ochrnut\u00e9ho, sc\u00e9na se dv\u011bma \u017eenami ztoto\u017e\u0148ovan\u00fdmi s\u00a0\u017eenami nesouc\u00edmi myro, Kristus se sama\u0159skou \u017eenou, uzdraven\u00ed v\u00a0sobotu a boj Davida s Goli\u00e1\u0161em. Bohu\u017eel isl\u00e1m\u0161t\u00ed extremist\u00e9 zni\u010dili 70 % t\u00e9to v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 historick\u00e9 pam\u00e1tky, ale fresky byly ji\u017e d\u00e1vno p\u0159evezeny do Yaleovy univerzity v\u00a0USA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

7. Bohorodice s D\u00edt\u011btem v katakomb\u00e1ch Priscilly (r. 225)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Katakomby Priscilly jsou nejstar\u0161\u00edmi \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdmi katakombami. Archeologov\u00e9 zde nalezli nejstar\u0161\u00ed malbu zobrazuj\u00edc\u00ed Matku Bo\u017e\u00ed s D\u00edt\u011btem v n\u00e1ru\u010d\u00ed. Vedle n\u00ed stoj\u00ed jeden ze staroz\u00e1konn\u00edch prorok\u016f, v jedn\u00e9 ruce dr\u017e\u00ed knihu a druhou ukazuje na hv\u011bzdu. Freska je um\u00edst\u011bna na strop\u011b nad hrobem svat\u00e9 Priscilly a poch\u00e1z\u00ed z doby kolem roku 225.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ikonoklastick\u00e9 obdob\u00ed se stalo trag\u00e9di\u00ed pro c\u00edrkevn\u00ed um\u011bn\u00ed, zna\u010dn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st ran\u00fdch zobrazen\u00ed Krista, Bohorodice a svat\u00fdch byla nel\u00edtostn\u011b zni\u010dena protivn\u00edky uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ikon. N\u011bco m\u00e1lo se…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[39],"tags":[83],"class_list":["post-2586","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ikony","tag-2023-12"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2586","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2586"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2586\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2594,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2586\/revisions\/2594"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2586"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2586"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2586"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}