{"id":2487,"date":"2017-10-02T11:18:19","date_gmt":"2017-10-02T10:18:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/?p=2487"},"modified":"2023-11-02T11:19:23","modified_gmt":"2023-11-02T10:19:23","slug":"vysehradsky-kodex-zahadny-rukopis-z-doby-formovani-ceske-statnosti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/2017\/10\/02\/vysehradsky-kodex-zahadny-rukopis-z-doby-formovani-ceske-statnosti\/","title":{"rendered":"Vy\u0161ehradsk\u00fd kodex \u2013 z\u00e1hadn\u00fd rukopis z\u00a0doby formov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9 st\u00e1tnosti"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Vy\u0161ehradsk\u00fd kodex je z\u0159ejm\u011b nejcenn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm rukopisem v \u010cech\u00e1ch. Nen\u00ed to jen jedna kniha mezi mnoh\u00fdmi, n\u00fdbr\u017e unik\u00e1tn\u00ed d\u00edlo vznikl\u00e9 u p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti korunovace prvn\u00edho \u010desk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le Vratislava I. P\u016fvod t\u00e9to knihy nen\u00ed jasn\u00fd dodnes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co je Vy\u0161ehradsk\u00fd kodex?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co p\u0159edstavuje tato kniha knih? Vy\u0161ehradsk\u00fd kodex je korunova\u010dn\u00edm evangeli\u00e1\u0159em. 108 list\u016f o velikosti 32×41 cm je pokryto texty \u010dty\u0159 evangeli\u00ed a vyzdobeno celostr\u00e1nkov\u00fdmi iluminacemi. Desky knihy jsou pota\u017eeny l\u00e1tkou se zelen\u00fdm vy\u0161it\u00fdm rostlinn\u00fdm ornamentem. Zadn\u00ed strana je ozdobena mandorlou kraluj\u00edc\u00edho a \u017eehnaj\u00edc\u00edho Krista.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Unik\u00e1tn\u00ed d\u00edlo rom\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho p\u00edsemnictv\u00ed vznikalo v 70. letech XI. stolet\u00ed a bylo dotvo\u0159eno ke korunovaci Vratislava, kter\u00e1 se konala 15. \u010dervna 1085. Kodex byl pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ulo\u017een na Vy\u0161ehrad\u011b, v rezidenci kr\u00e1le. Tak vznikl jeho n\u00e1zev \u2013 Vy\u0161ehradsk\u00fd. V roce 1228 byl u p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti korunovace V\u00e1clava I. kodex p\u0159enesen do knihovny Pra\u017esk\u00e9ho hradu. Sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o tom pozn\u00e1mka na zadn\u00ed stran\u011b ob\u00e1lky. V roce 1613 kniha je\u0161t\u011b byla na Pra\u017esk\u00e9m hrad\u011b. \u0158\u00edk\u00e1 n\u00e1m to pozn\u00e1mka um\u011blce, kter\u00fd podle v\u0161eho restauroval n\u011bkter\u00e9 ilustrace. Ale v roce 1728 u\u017e byla ulo\u017eena v knihovn\u011b Arcibiskupsk\u00e9ho semin\u00e1\u0159e v Praze. Te\u010f se Vy\u0161ehradsk\u00fd kodex nach\u00e1z\u00ed v N\u00e1rodn\u00ed knihovn\u011b \u010cR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rukopis obsahuje spoustu celostr\u00e1nkov\u00fdch iluminac\u00ed zobrazuj\u00edc\u00edch evangelisty, sv. V\u00e1clava, sc\u00e9ny ze Star\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona a ze \u017eivota P\u00e1na Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e, Krist\u016fv rodokmen, vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed mrtv\u00fdch. Um\u011blce, jen\u017e toto d\u00edlo vytvo\u0159il, nezaj\u00edmaly \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1nrov\u00e9 podrobnosti \u010di portr\u00e9tn\u00ed podobnost postav, ne\u0161lo mu ani o n\u011bjak\u00fd v\u00fdraz ve tv\u00e1\u0159i. Jsou to ikonografick\u00e1 zobrazen\u00ed postav biblick\u00fdch d\u011bjin, kter\u00e9 se pohybuj\u00ed v transcendentn\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b. Zlacen\u00e1 pozad\u00ed, absence perspektivy, ryz\u00ed symbolismus n\u00e1m odkr\u00fdv\u00e1 nadp\u0159irozeno nebesk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pro koho byla tato kniha vytvo\u0159ena?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vratislav dos\u00e1hl kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho titulu jako prvn\u00ed panovn\u00edk v\u00a0\u010desk\u00fdch d\u011bjin\u00e1ch. A Vy\u0161ehradsk\u00fd kodex m\u011bl podtrhnout v\u00fdznam t\u00e9to ud\u00e1losti. To, \u017ee kniha byla ur\u010dena pro \u010desk\u00e9ho majitele, potvrzuje vyobrazen\u00ed patrona \u010cech \u2013 svat\u00e9ho V\u00e1clava a tak\u00e9 evangeln\u00ed \u010dten\u00ed na den tohoto mu\u010dedn\u00edka. Vratislavova cesta ke korun\u011b nebyla snadn\u00e1 hlavn\u011b kv\u016fli nesv\u00e1r\u016fm mezi budouc\u00edm kr\u00e1lem a jeho bratry \u2013 Spytihn\u011bvem, Konradem, Otou a Jarom\u00edrem. Vy\u0161ehradsk\u00fd kodex m\u011bl mimo jin\u00e9 zd\u016fraznit my\u0161lenku, \u017ee kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 moc je Bo\u017e\u00edm ustanoven\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Kdo Vy\u0161ehradsk\u00fd kodex vytvo\u0159il?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na tuto ot\u00e1zku existuje n\u011bkolik n\u00e1zor\u016f. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo se, \u017ee kodex zhotovili mni\u0161i B\u0159evnovsk\u00e9ho benediktinsk\u00e9ho kl\u00e1\u0161tera zalo\u017een\u00e9ho v letech 992\u2013993. V\u017edy\u0165 pr\u00e1v\u011b kl\u00e1\u0161tery byly ostr\u016fvky vzd\u011blanosti v tehdej\u0161\u00ed Evrop\u011b. Samotn\u00e9 heslo benediktin\u016f ora et labora<\/em> (modli se a pracuj) znamen\u00e1 podn\u011bt k psan\u00ed knih a \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed latinsk\u00e9 kultury. Z\u0159ejm\u011b byl i B\u0159evnovsk\u00fd kl\u00e1\u0161ter vybaven skriptoriem, i kdy\u017e se o n\u011bm nedochovala \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 zprava. Ale teoreticky Vy\u0161ehradsk\u00fd kodex m\u016f\u017ee poch\u00e1zet z tohoto kl\u00e1\u0161tera. Probl\u00e9mem je jen to, \u017ee dochovan\u00e9 b\u0159evnovsk\u00e9 knihy z tohoto obdob\u00ed vypadaj\u00ed mnohem skromn\u011bji ne\u017e honosn\u00fd Vy\u0161ehradsk\u00fd kodex.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Skriptoria ov\u0161em byla nejenom v B\u0159evnov\u011b, ale i v dal\u0161\u00edch kl\u00e1\u0161terech v \u010cech\u00e1ch. Pis\u00e1rna byla nap\u0159\u00edklad v kl\u00e1\u0161te\u0159e Ostrov u Davle. Ale v\u011bdci pochybuj\u00ed, zda toto kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed s teprve rod\u00edc\u00edm se p\u00edsemnictv\u00edm mohlo vyprodukovat tak unik\u00e1tn\u00ed \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00e9 d\u00edlo, jak\u00fdm je Vy\u0161ehradsk\u00fd kodex.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je p\u0159esn\u011b zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee skriptorium bylo i v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdznamn\u00e9m kl\u00e1\u0161te\u0159e t\u00e9 doby \u2013 v\u00a0S\u00e1zavsk\u00e9m, zalo\u017een\u00e9m svat\u00fdm Prokopem. S\u00a0t\u00edmto kl\u00e1\u0161terem je spojov\u00e1no je\u0161t\u011b jedno v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 d\u00edlo \u2013 Reme\u0161sk\u00fd evangeli\u00e1\u0159. Ale s\u00e1zavsk\u00e9 p\u00edsemnictv\u00ed souviselo sp\u00ed\u0161 se starosloven\u0161tinou ne\u017e s\u00a0latinou. Proto je m\u00e1lo pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee Vy\u0161ehradsk\u00fd kodex mohl vzniknout v\u00a0prostorech tohoto kl\u00e1\u0161tera.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dnes se v\u011bt\u0161ina badatel\u016f shoduje v tom, \u017ee Vy\u0161ehradsk\u00fd kodex nen\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu, i kdy\u017e byl vytvo\u0159en pro \u010desk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kazn\u00edka. Ji\u017e od IX. stolet\u00ed se na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cech dost\u00e1valy latinsk\u00e9 knihy bohoslu\u017eebn\u00e9ho charakteru ze Z\u00e1padu. Vy\u0161ehradsk\u00fd kodex svou \u00farovn\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161 z\u00e1padn\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kde p\u00edsemnictv\u00ed tohoto typu bylo v XI. stolet\u00ed rozvinuto mnohem l\u00e9pe ne\u017e v B\u0159evnovsk\u00e9m kl\u00e1\u0161te\u0159e nebo kdekoliv jinde v \u010cech\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vratislav spojoval sv\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 ambice hlavn\u011b s\u00a0Bavorskem a s\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed, a proto usiloval o podporu Jind\u0159icha IV. ve snaze o z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 koruny. Proto nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed teorie o p\u016fvodu Vy\u0161ehradsk\u00e9ho kodexu pokl\u00e1d\u00e1 za m\u00edsto jeho vzniku bavorsk\u00e9 \u0158ezno. V\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b \u0158ezno bylo \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00fdm centrem kultury a p\u00edsemnictv\u00ed. Jedno z\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch skriptori\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 Evropy se nach\u00e1zelo v\u00a0\u0159ezensk\u00e9m benediktinsk\u00e9m kl\u00e1\u0161te\u0159e sv. Jimrama. Ve prosp\u011bch t\u00e9to teorie sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed ozdoben\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00edch prostor\u016f kl\u00e1\u0161teru, kter\u00e9 se velice podobaj\u00ed ornament\u016fm Vy\u0161ehradsk\u00e9ho rukopisu. Teorie ov\u0161em nem\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 p\u00edsemn\u00e9 potvrzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
\u0158ezensk\u00fd benediktinsk\u00fd kl\u00e1\u0161ter sv. Jimrama<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Nehled\u011b na zahrani\u010dn\u00ed p\u016fvod Vy\u0161ehradsk\u00e9ho kodexu byl rukopis ur\u010den pro \u010desk\u00e9ho objednavatele. T\u00edm mohl b\u00fdt jak s\u00e1m Vratislav, tak n\u011bkdo z\u00a0jeho bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, t\u0159eba i b\u0159evnov\u0161t\u00ed mni\u0161i. Ka\u017edop\u00e1dn\u011b Vy\u0161ehradsk\u00fd kodex je nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm d\u00edlem souvisej\u00edc\u00edm s\u00a0d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdmi ud\u00e1lostmi \u010desk\u00fdch d\u011bjin, kter\u00e9 dodnes skr\u00fdv\u00e1 spoustu z\u00e1had.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pro ty, kter\u00e9 zaujal p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh Vy\u0161ehradsk\u00e9ho kodexu, doporu\u010duji film \u010cesk\u00e9 televize Z\u00e1hada kodexu XIV A 13.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nad\u011b\u017eda Skvarnik<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obr\u00e1zky: Wikipedie <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vy\u0161ehradsk\u00fd kodex je z\u0159ejm\u011b nejcenn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm rukopisem v \u010cech\u00e1ch. Nen\u00ed to jen jedna kniha mezi mnoh\u00fdmi, n\u00fdbr\u017e unik\u00e1tn\u00ed d\u00edlo vznikl\u00e9 u p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti korunovace prvn\u00edho \u010desk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le Vratislava…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2492,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[32],"tags":[80],"class_list":["post-2487","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dejiny","tag-2017-10","has-post-thumbnail-archive"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2487","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2487"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2487\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2494,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2487\/revisions\/2494"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2492"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2487"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2487"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2487"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}