{"id":178,"date":"2017-01-12T11:54:59","date_gmt":"2017-01-12T10:54:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/?p=178"},"modified":"2021-11-16T11:01:21","modified_gmt":"2021-11-16T10:01:21","slug":"zjeveni-pane","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/2017\/01\/12\/zjeveni-pane\/","title":{"rendered":"Zjeven\u00ed P\u00e1n\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed ud\u00e1lost<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. ledna (6. ledna podle juli\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1\u0159e) pravoslavn\u00e1 c\u00edrkev slav\u00ed sv\u00e1tek Zjeven\u00ed \u010dili K\u0159tu P\u00e1n\u011b. Zjeven\u00edm se tento sv\u00e1tek naz\u00fdv\u00e1, proto\u017ee p\u0159i k\u0159tu P\u00e1na Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e se sv\u011btu zjevila p\u0159esvat\u00e1 Trojice. Ve v\u0161ech evangeli\u00edch se n\u00e1m zachovala kr\u00e1sn\u00e1 sv\u011bdectv\u00ed o tom, jak B\u016fh Otec mluv\u00ed z nebe, Syn je k\u0159t\u011bn v Jord\u00e1nu a Duch Svat\u00fd sestupuje na Syna jako holubice: \u201eTu p\u0159i\u0161el Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 z Galileje k Jord\u00e1nu za Janem, aby se dal od n\u011bho pok\u0159t\u00edt. Ale on mu br\u00e1nil a \u0159\u00edkal: \u201aJ\u00e1 bych m\u011bl b\u00fdt pok\u0159t\u011bn od tebe, a ty jde\u0161 ke mn\u011b?\u2018 Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 mu odpov\u011bd\u011bl: \u201aP\u0159ipus\u0165 to nyn\u00ed; nebo\u0165 tak je t\u0159eba, abychom naplnili v\u0161ecko, co B\u016fh \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1.\u2018 Tu mu Jan ji\u017e nebr\u00e1nil. Kdy\u017e byl Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 pok\u0159t\u011bn, hned vystoupil z vody, a hle, otev\u0159ela se nebesa a spat\u0159il Ducha Bo\u017e\u00edho, jak sestupuje jako holubice a p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed na n\u011bho. A z nebe promluvil hlas: \u201aToto je m\u016fj milovan\u00fd Syn, jeho\u017e jsem si vyvolil.\u2018\u201c<\/em> (Matou\u0161 3:13\u221217) B\u016fh se zjevil, aby svou milost\u00ed spasil padl\u00e9 lidstvo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Mozaika K\u0159est P\u00e1n\u011b, monast\u00fdr Dafnion, \u0158ecko, 11. st<\/span>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

K\u0159est P\u00e1n\u011b je po\u010d\u00e1tkem jeho sp\u00e1sn\u00e9ho p\u016fsoben\u00ed. Je p\u0159edobrazem svat\u00e9 tajiny k\u0159tu stanoven\u00e9 u\u017e po zmrtv\u00fdchvst\u00e1n\u00ed a nanebevstoupen\u00ed P\u00e1na Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e. V t\u00e9to ud\u00e1losti je Kristus zjeven jako zakladatel nov\u00e9ho Kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed, jeho\u017e vstupn\u00ed branou je k\u0159est (viz Matou\u0161 28:19\u221220). V tajin\u011b k\u0159tu \u010dlov\u011bk z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 odpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed h\u0159\u00edch\u016f, obnoven\u00ed sv\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9 p\u0159irozenosti, uzdraven\u00ed a znovuzrozen\u00ed. Troj\u00ed pono\u0159en\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka ve sv\u00e1tosti k\u0159tu zobrazuje Kristovu smrt a vyno\u0159en\u00ed z vody symbolizuje zasv\u011bcen\u00ed jeho zmrtv\u00fdchvst\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Mozaika K\u0159est P\u00e1n\u011b, monast\u00fdr Hossios Loukas, \u0158ecko, 11. st.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159i k\u0159tu P\u00e1na Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e se n\u00e1m zjevilo do t\u00e9 doby nezn\u00e1m\u00e9 tajemstv\u00ed o Bohu jedin\u00e9m ve t\u0159ech hypostaz\u00edch. Sv\u00fdm k\u0159tem Kristus nejen \u201enaplnil v\u0161ecko, co B\u016fh \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1\u201c, ale tak\u00e9 se stal pro n\u00e1s p\u0159\u00edkladem pokory a poslu\u0161nosti Bo\u017e\u00ed v\u016fli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sv\u00e1tky K\u0159tu P\u00e1n\u011b a Narozen\u00ed P\u00e1n\u011b<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V c\u00edrkvi se p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm k 4. stolet\u00ed stanovily t\u0159i hlavn\u00ed sv\u00e1tky \u2013 Pascha, Pades\u00e1tnice a Zjeven\u00ed P\u00e1n\u011b. Pr\u00e1v\u011b ten t\u0159et\u00ed p\u0159ipom\u00ednal p\u0159\u00edchod Boho\u010dlov\u011bka Krista na sv\u011bt. Na V\u00fdchod\u011b se tento sv\u00e1tek slavil 6. ledna (19. ledna podle gregori\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1\u0159e), ale pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b koreloval sp\u00ed\u0161 se samotn\u00fdm faktem jeho zjeven\u00ed sv\u011btu jako Boho\u010dlov\u011bka ne\u017e s konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm mezn\u00edkem jeho \u017eivota. Ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 jednotliv\u00e9 k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 komunity mohly asociovat zjeven\u00ed s ur\u010ditou ud\u00e1lost\u00ed Kristova \u017eivota \u2013 narozen\u00edm, klan\u011bn\u00edm t\u0159\u00ed mudrc\u016f nebo k\u0159tem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Ikona K\u0159est P\u00e1n\u011b, Sinajsk\u00fd monast\u00fdr, 13. st.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Tak n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165an\u0161t\u00ed auto\u0159i psali o sv\u00e1tku Zjeven\u00ed P\u00e1n\u011b 6. ledna jako o sv\u00e1tku K\u0159tu, jin\u00ed jako o sv\u00e1tku Narozen\u00ed. Do prvn\u00ed skupiny pat\u0159\u00ed \u00d3rigen\u00e9s, sv. Athanasios Alexandrijsk\u00fd a Kl\u00e9m\u00e9ns Alexandrijsk\u00fd. Do druh\u00e9 m\u016f\u017eeme za\u0159adit t\u0159eba sv. Epifana Kypersk\u00e9ho nebo Efrema Syrsk\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na Z\u00e1pad\u011b sv\u00e1tek Narozen\u00ed P\u00e1n\u011b trval dva t\u00fddny a zavr\u0161oval se klan\u011bn\u00edm mudrc\u016f znamenaj\u00edc\u00edm zjeven\u00ed vt\u011blen\u00e9ho Boha pohansk\u00e9mu sv\u011btu. V latinsk\u00e9 tradici sv\u00e1tek K\u0159tu P\u00e1n\u011b, i kdy\u017e byl stanoven po Narozen\u00ed P\u00e1n\u011b, nenabyl takov\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu jako na V\u00fdchod\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Freska K\u0159est P\u00e1n\u011b, monast\u00fdr Visoki De\u010dani, Srbsko, 14. st.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Samostatn\u00e9 slaven\u00ed Narozen\u00ed P\u00e1n\u011b se ustavilo v z\u00e1padn\u00ed c\u00edrkvi nejpozd\u011bji na za\u010d\u00e1tku 4. stolet\u00ed. Postupn\u011b tato tradice byla p\u0159ijata i ostatn\u00edmi patriarch\u00e1ty. Sv\u00e1tek Zjeven\u00ed P\u00e1n\u011b se \u010dasem v\u00edce a v\u00edce vztahoval na K\u0159est P\u00e1n\u011b. V sou\u010dasnosti se v pravoslav\u00ed Zjeven\u00ed P\u00e1n\u011b a K\u0159est P\u00e1n\u011b u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jako dva r\u016fzn\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy pro jeden sv\u00e1tek, jeho\u017e slaven\u00ed p\u0159ipad\u00e1 na 6.\/19. ledna. S t\u00edm souvis\u00ed tak\u00e9 nov\u00fd v\u00fdklad slova Bohozjeven\u00ed (\u0398\u03b5\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 nebo \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1), chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed v d\u00e1vn\u00e9 minulosti, jako zjeven\u00ed Trojice ve k\u0159tu Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sv\u011bcen\u00ed vody<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na pam\u00e1tku jord\u00e1nsk\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti se v c\u00edrkvi na tento sv\u00e1tek sv\u011bt\u00ed voda. Tato tradice vznikla v jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00e9 c\u00edrkvi a v pr\u016fb\u011bhu 4.\u20135. stolet\u00ed se praktikovala jenom tam. Voda se sv\u011btila p\u0159\u00edmo v Jord\u00e1nu. Samotn\u00fd ob\u0159ad sv\u011bcen\u00ed vody je p\u0159ipisov\u00e1n evangelistovi Matou\u0161ovi. N\u011bkolik modliteb pro sv\u011bcen\u00ed napsal sv. Proklos Konstantinopolsk\u00fd. Kone\u010dn\u00e1 \u00faprava je p\u0159ipisov\u00e1na sv. Sofroniovi \u2013 patriarchovi jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00e9mu. O sv\u011bcen\u00ed vody se ale zmi\u0148uje ji\u017e Tertuli\u00e1n a sv. Cypri\u00e1n z Kart\u00e1ga. Dne\u0161n\u00ed ob\u0159ad obsahuje 1) \u010dten\u00ed proroctv\u00ed (paremi\u00ed) spojen\u00fdch s ud\u00e1lost\u00ed k\u0159tu, 2) \u010dten\u00ed Apo\u0161tola, 3) \u010dten\u00ed Evangelia, kde se vypr\u00e1v\u00ed o samotn\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti, 4) ekteni\u00ed a modliteb vysv\u011btluj\u00edc\u00edch v\u00fdznam ud\u00e1losti, 5) p\u0159ivol\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed Bo\u017e\u00edho po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed a 6) pono\u0159en\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee do vody.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Ikona K\u0159est P\u00e1n\u011b, muzeum \u0158eck\u00e9ho institutu v Ben\u00e1tk\u00e1ch, 16. st.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Exegeze sv\u00e1tku u svat\u00fdch otc\u016f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sv\u00e1tkem K\u0159tu P\u00e1n\u011b svat\u00e1 c\u00edrkev upev\u0148uje na\u0161i v\u00edru v tajemstv\u00ed neuchopiteln\u00e9 pro lidsk\u00fd rozum a u\u010d\u00ed n\u00e1s vyzn\u00e1vat nerozd\u00edlnou svatou Trojici jedn\u00e9 podstaty, jednoho Boha ve t\u0159ech hypostaz\u00edch. C\u00edrkev tak\u00e9 poukazuje na nezbytnost k\u0159tu pro toho, kdo chce vstoupit do Kristovy c\u00edrkve, a p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1, \u017ee od h\u0159\u00edch\u016f se m\u016f\u017eeme o\u010distit pouze p\u016fsoben\u00edm Bo\u017e\u00ed milosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nejstar\u0161\u00ed dochovan\u00e9 homilie ke sv\u00e1tku K\u0159tu P\u00e1n\u011b poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z 3. stolet\u00ed a jsou naps\u00e1ny sv. Hippolytem \u0158\u00edmsk\u00fdm a \u0158eho\u0159em Divotv\u016frcem. Pozd\u011bji ve 4. a\u017e 10. stolet\u00ed sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed homilie vytvo\u0159ili v\u00fdznamn\u00ed otcov\u00e9 c\u00edrkve \u2013 \u0158eho\u0159 Teolog, Jan Zlato\u00fast\u00fd, Ambro\u017e Mil\u00e1nsk\u00fd, Jan z Dama\u0161ku. Tyto homilie spojuj\u00ed v sob\u011b dogmatick\u00fd v\u00fdznam sv\u00e1tku a jeho symbolickou obraznost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Ikona K\u0159est P\u00e1n\u011b, St\u00e1tn\u00ed rusk\u00e9 muzeum, 17. st.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Ikonografie sv\u00e1tku<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd dogmatick\u00fd obsah sv\u00e1tku do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry ovlivnil ikonografii Bohozjeven\u00ed. Ji\u017e prvn\u00ed ikony zobrazovaly nejen k\u0159est Spasitele sv. Janem v Jord\u00e1nu, ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm zjeven\u00ed sv\u011btu vt\u011blen\u00e9ho Syna Bo\u017e\u00edho jako jednoho ze svat\u00e9 Trojice, o n\u011bm\u017e sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed Otec a Duch Svat\u00fd.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na ran\u00fdch k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch obrazech 4.\u20135. st., jako jsou t\u0159eba mozaiky v jednom z baptisteri\u00ed v Ravenn\u011b, je k\u0159t\u011bn\u00fd Kristus zobrazov\u00e1n jako bezvous\u00fd mlad\u00edk. Ale pozd\u011bji se v souladu s c\u00edrkevn\u00ed tradic\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il obraz k\u0159tu Spasitele v dosp\u011blosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hlavn\u00edm zdrojem ikonografie Zjeven\u00ed P\u00e1n\u011b v\u017edy bezpochyby bylo Evangelium. Ale p\u0159esto jsou na ikon\u00e1ch a fresk\u00e1ch \u010dasto zobrazov\u00e1ny prvky, je\u017e v evangeli\u00edch nepotk\u00e1me. Jedn\u00edm z takov\u00fdch element\u016f je \u0161ediv\u00fd sta\u0159ec \u2013 personifikace \u0159eky Jord\u00e1n, kter\u00fd bu\u010f sed\u00ed na b\u0159ehu, nebo se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v \u0159ece spolu se zosobn\u011bn\u00edm mo\u0159e v postav\u011b \u017eeny. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V Evangeliu se ne\u0159\u00edk\u00e1 nic o p\u0159\u00edtomnosti and\u011bl\u016f. Ale po\u010d\u00ednaje 6.\u20137. st. jsou v r\u016fzn\u00e9m po\u010dtu zobrazov\u00e1ni stoj\u00edc\u00ed naproti sv. Janu K\u0159titeli na druh\u00e9m b\u0159ehu \u0159eky.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nad Spasitelem je obvykle zobrazov\u00e1na \u00fase\u010d nebe, z n\u011bho\u017e sestupuje holubice \u2013 symbol Ducha Svat\u00e9ho, paprsky troji\u010dn\u00edho sv\u011btla a \u017eehnaj\u00edc\u00ed ruka Boha Otce. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem je kladen d\u016fraz na Bo\u017e\u00ed zjeven\u00ed \u2013 Theofanii.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na ikon\u00e1ch se objevuje \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l v\u00edce detail\u016f: lid\u00e9 \u010dekaj\u00edc\u00ed na b\u0159ehu Jord\u00e1nu, k\u0159\u00ed\u017e ve vod\u011b, ryby apod. Nehled\u011b na z\u00e1kaz zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed Boha Otce, je na rusk\u00fdch ikon\u00e1ch 16.\u201317. st. \u010dasto vid\u011bt postava Sabaotha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nad\u011b\u017eda Skvarnik<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed ud\u00e1lost 19. ledna (6. ledna podle juli\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1\u0159e) pravoslavn\u00e1 c\u00edrkev slav\u00ed sv\u00e1tek Zjeven\u00ed \u010dili K\u0159tu P\u00e1n\u011b. Zjeven\u00edm se tento sv\u00e1tek naz\u00fdv\u00e1, proto\u017ee p\u0159i k\u0159tu…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":187,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[19],"class_list":["post-178","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-svatky-a-svetci","tag-2017-01","has-post-thumbnail-archive"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/178","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=178"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/178\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":188,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/178\/revisions\/188"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/187"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=178"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=178"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=178"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}