{"id":1751,"date":"2023-01-19T13:20:09","date_gmt":"2023-01-19T12:20:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/?p=1751"},"modified":"2023-02-03T10:25:37","modified_gmt":"2023-02-03T09:25:37","slug":"teologicky-slovnik-theofanie-neboli-zjeveni-bozi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/2023\/01\/19\/teologicky-slovnik-theofanie-neboli-zjeveni-bozi\/","title":{"rendered":"Teologick\u00fd slovn\u00edk. Theofanie neboli Zjeven\u00ed Bo\u017e\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Zjeven\u00ed Bo\u017e\u00ed neboli Theofanie (\u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1, skl\u00e1d\u00e1 se z\u00a0\u0159eck\u00fdch slov \u03b8\u03b5\u03cc\u03c2 \u2013 B\u016fh a \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9 \u2013 zjevovat) je zjeven\u00edm Boha ve viditeln\u00e9 \u010di c\u00edtiteln\u00e9 podob\u011b (nap\u0159\u00edklad ho\u0159\u00edc\u00ed ke\u0159, ohniv\u00fd sloup, hlas Bo\u017e\u00ed) nebo p\u0159\u00edchod Syna Bo\u017e\u00edho na sv\u011bt prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm vt\u011blen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bo\u017e\u00ed zjeven\u00ed ve Star\u00e9m z\u00e1kon\u011b<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zjeven\u00ed Boha popsan\u00e1 ve Star\u00e9m z\u00e1kon\u011b byla po\u010detn\u00e1 a v\u017edy d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 pro vyvolen\u00fd n\u00e1rod. Postupem \u010dasu se popisy zjeven\u00e9ho bo\u017estva st\u00e1valy mysti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, m\u00e9n\u011b osobn\u00ed a zd\u016fraz\u0148ovaly v\u0161emohoucnost a velikost Hospodina. Jin\u00e9 starov\u011bk\u00e9 n\u00e1rody vytv\u00e1\u0159ely sochy, obrazy a dal\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed sv\u00fdch boh\u016f. \u017did\u00e9, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm proto, \u017ee jim bylo zak\u00e1z\u00e1no zobrazovat Boha (Ex 20,4), kladli d\u016fraz na slovn\u00ed popisy setk\u00e1n\u00ed s Bohem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prvn\u00ed kapitoly knihy Genesis popisuj\u00ed velice osobn\u00ed d\u016fv\u011brn\u00fd vztah mezi Bohem a lidmi. Ale v d\u016fsledku p\u00e1du se lid\u00e9 odd\u00e1lili od sv\u00e9ho Stvo\u0159itele. Proto p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy o setk\u00e1n\u00ed s Hospodinem zachovan\u00e9 v P\u00edsmu jsou unik\u00e1tn\u00ed a drahocenn\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u011bkdy popisy Bo\u017e\u00edho zjeven\u00ed p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed jevy: Hospodin na nebi zabur\u00e1cel, Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vydal sv\u016fj hlas, krupobit\u00ed a ho\u0159\u00edc\u00ed uhl\u00ed. Vyslal sv\u00e9 \u0161\u00edpy a rozehnal mra\u010dna, mno\u017estv\u00edm blesk\u016f je uvedl v zmatek. Tu se objevila koryta vod, z\u00e1klady sv\u011bta se obna\u017eily, kdy\u017e jsi, Hospodine, za\u00fato\u010dil, kdy\u017e jsi zadul sv\u00fdm hn\u011bviv\u00fdm dechem<\/em> (\u017dalm 18:14\u201316).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Praotce Abrahama, jeho\u017e d\u00e1nsk\u00fd teolog S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard nazval ryt\u00ed\u0159em v\u00edry, Bo\u017e\u00ed zjeven\u00ed doprov\u00e1zela po cel\u00fd \u017eivot. Kdy\u017e B\u016fh povolal Abrahama, \u0159ekl mu: Odejdi ze sv\u00e9 zem\u011b, ze sv\u00e9ho rodi\u0161t\u011b a z domu sv\u00e9ho otce do zem\u011b, kterou ti uk\u00e1\u017eu<\/em> (Genesis 12:1). Abraham poslu\u0161n\u011b pln\u00ed Bo\u017e\u00ed na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Pozd\u011bji Hospodin p\u0159isl\u00edbil Abrahamovi a jeho potomk\u016fm zemi Kenaanc\u016f. Patriarchov\u00e9 \u010dasto ozna\u010dovali m\u00edsta Bo\u017e\u00edch zjeven\u00ed, jak to tenkr\u00e1t ud\u011blal i Abraham: Tam Abram vybudoval olt\u00e1\u0159 Hospodinu, kter\u00fd se mu uk\u00e1zal<\/em> (Genesis 12:7). Tak vznikala posv\u00e1tn\u00e1 m\u00edsta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Snad nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed setk\u00e1n\u00ed Abrahama s Bohem se odehr\u00e1lo takto: Rozhl\u00e9dl se a spat\u0159il:<\/em> Hle, naproti n\u011bmu stoj\u00ed t\u0159i mu\u017ei<\/em> (Genesis 18:2). Pozd\u011bji k\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 vykl\u00e1dali tuto ud\u00e1lost jako zjeven\u00ed Trojice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed pro Abrahama osudov\u00e9 zjeven\u00ed je spojeno se zn\u00e1m\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhem ob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00ed Iz\u00e1ka. Vytou\u017een\u00fd a samotn\u00fdm Bohem sl\u00edben\u00fd syn mus\u00ed b\u00fdt ob\u011btov\u00e1n: Vezmi sv\u00e9ho jedin\u00e9ho syna Iz\u00e1ka, kter\u00e9ho miluje\u0161, odejdi do zem\u011b M\u00f3rija a tam ho ob\u011btuj jako ob\u011b\u0165 z\u00e1palnou na jedn\u00e9 ho\u0159e, o n\u00ed\u017e ti pov\u00edm!<\/em> (Genesis 22:2). Abraham se neohrazoval a v rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed okam\u017eik, kdy u\u017e vzt\u00e1hl ruku po ob\u011btn\u00edm no\u017ei, ho Hospodin zastavil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0nejdramati\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zjeven\u00ed ve Star\u00e9m z\u00e1kon\u011b je J\u00e1kob\u016fv z\u00e1pas s\u00a0Bohem, popsan\u00fd v\u00a032. kapitole knihy Genesis: Pak z\u016fstal J\u00e1kob s\u00e1m a tu s n\u00edm kdosi z\u00e1polil, dokud nevze\u0161la jit\u0159enka. Kdy\u017e vid\u011bl, \u017ee J\u00e1koba nep\u0159em\u016f\u017ee, poranil mu p\u0159i z\u00e1polen\u00ed ky\u010deln\u00ed kloub, tak\u017ee se mu vykloubil. Nezn\u00e1m\u00fd \u0159ekl: \u201ePus\u0165 m\u011b, vze\u0161la jit\u0159enka.\u201c J\u00e1kob v\u0161ak odv\u011btil: \u201eNepust\u00edm t\u011b, dokud mi nepo\u017eehn\u00e1\u0161.\u201c Ot\u00e1zal se: \u201eJak se jmenuje\u0161?\u201c Odpov\u011bd\u011bl: \u201eJ\u00e1kob.\u201c Tu \u0159ekl: \u201eNebudou t\u011b u\u017e jmenovat J\u00e1kob (to je \u00dasko\u010dn\u00fd), n\u00fdbr\u017e Izrael (to je Z\u00e1pas\u00ed B\u016fh), nebo\u0165 jsi jako kn\u00ed\u017ee z\u00e1pasil s Bohem i s lidmi a obst\u00e1ls.\u201c A J\u00e1kob ho \u017e\u00e1dal: \u201ePov\u011bz mi p\u0159ece sv\u00e9 jm\u00e9no!\u201c Ale on odv\u011btil: \u201ePro\u010d se pt\u00e1\u0161 na m\u00e9 jm\u00e9no?\u201c A po\u017eehnal mu tam. I pojmenoval J\u00e1kob to m\u00edsto Pen\u00edel (to je Tv\u00e1\u0159 Bo\u017e\u00ed), nebo\u0165 \u0159ekl: \u201eVid\u011bl jsem Boha tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 a byl mi zachov\u00e1n \u017eivot<\/em>.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Hospodin zm\u011bnil J\u00e1kobovi jm\u00e9no. St\u00e1valo se tak i p\u0159i jin\u00fdch theofani\u00edch: z\u00a0Abrama se stal Abraham, ze S\u00e1raj S\u00e1ra, ze \u0160imona Petr, a ze Saula Pavel. Zm\u011bna jm\u00e9na sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o hlubok\u00e9 duchovn\u00ed prom\u011bn\u011b v\u00a0\u010dlov\u011bku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ale vid\u011bt Boha tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 je pro \u010dlov\u011bka smrteln\u00fdm nebezpe\u010d\u00edm. Moj\u017e\u00ed\u0161 \u017e\u00e1dal Boha, aby mu uk\u00e1zal svou tv\u00e1\u0159. Prosba byla odm\u00edtnuta a Hospodin vysv\u011btlil, pro\u010d sv\u00e9mu slu\u017eebn\u00edkovi zjev\u00ed svou sl\u00e1vu jen zprost\u0159edkovan\u011b: V\u0161echna m\u00e1 dobrota p\u0159ejde p\u0159ed tebou a vyslov\u00edm p\u0159ed tebou jm\u00e9no Hospodin\u2026 Nem\u016f\u017ee\u0161 spat\u0159it mou tv\u00e1\u0159, nebo\u0165 \u010dlov\u011bk m\u011b nesm\u00ed spat\u0159it, m\u00e1-li z\u016fstat na\u017eivu<\/em> (Exodus 33:19\u201320).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed pam\u011btihodn\u00e9 zjeven\u00ed je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Jobovy teodiceje. Hospodin se oz\u00fdv\u00e1 trp\u00edc\u00edmu Jobovi ze smr\u0161t\u011b, ale m\u00edsto toho, aby odpov\u011bd\u011bl na jeho ot\u00e1zku, s\u00e1m klade ot\u00e1zky v\u011brn\u00e9mu slu\u017eebn\u00edkovi: Kde jsi byl, kdy\u017e jsem zakl\u00e1dal zemi?… V\u00ed\u0161, kdo stanovil jej\u00ed rozm\u011bry, kdo nad n\u00ed nat\u00e1hl m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed \u0161\u0148\u016fru? Do \u010deho jsou zapu\u0161t\u011bny jej\u00ed podstavce, kdo kladl jej\u00ed \u00faheln\u00fd k\u00e1men, zat\u00edmco jit\u0159n\u00ed hv\u011bzdy spole\u010dn\u011b plesaly a v\u0161ichni synov\u00e9 Bo\u017e\u00ed propukli v hlahol?<\/em> (Job 38:4\u20137). Job na to s pokorou \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: Uzn\u00e1v\u00e1m, \u017ee v\u0161echno m\u016f\u017ee\u0161 a \u017ee \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd z\u00e1m\u011br tob\u011b nen\u00ed neprovediteln\u00fd <\/em>(Job 42:2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V P\u00edsmu svat\u00e9m se pro popis Bo\u017e\u00edho zjeven\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ur\u010dit\u00fd soubor obraz\u016f. Dva nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z nich spolu souvis\u00ed. B\u016fh se \u010dasto zjevuje v podob\u011b ohn\u011b a kou\u0159e (nebo mraku). Ohe\u0148 p\u0159itahuje a stra\u0161\u00ed. Kou\u0159 naopak skr\u00fdv\u00e1. A\u010dkoli staroz\u00e1konn\u00ed praotcov\u00e9 a proroky Boha vid\u00ed, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 jim skryt\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podle c\u00edrkevn\u00edch otc\u016f v\u0161echny staroz\u00e1konn\u00ed teofanie \u2013 and\u011bl, ke\u0159, oblakov\u00fd a ohniv\u00fd sloup \u2014 byly zjeven\u00edmi druh\u00e9 hypost\u00e1ze Svat\u00e9 Trojice \u2013 Syna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nov\u00fd z\u00e1kon a vt\u011blen\u00ed Boha Slova<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona se auto\u0159i tak\u00e9 op\u00edraj\u00ed o teofanick\u00e9 tradice. Nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm a nejz\u0159eteln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem zjeven\u00ed v evangeliu je ten, kter\u00fd se stal z\u00e1kladem na\u0161eho sv\u00e1tku Zjeven\u00ed P\u00e1n\u011b. Po k\u0159tu Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista v Jord\u00e1n\u011b se p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdm zjevila cel\u00e1 Svat\u00e1 Trojice. Hlas Boha Otce ozn\u00e1mil: \u201eToto je m\u016fj milovan\u00fd Syn, jeho\u017e jsem si vyvolil\u201c, a Duch Svat\u00fd v podob\u011b holubice sestoupil na Syna (Matou\u0161 3:16\u201317).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed podobn\u00e9 zjeven\u00ed se odehr\u00e1lo p\u0159i prom\u011bn\u011bn\u00ed Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista, jeho\u017e sv\u011bdky se stali nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed u\u010dedn\u00edci P\u00e1n\u011b: Byl prom\u011bn\u011bn p\u0159ed jejich o\u010dima; jeho tv\u00e1\u0159 z\u00e1\u0159ila jako slunce a jeho \u0161at byl oslniv\u011b b\u00edl\u00fd\u2026  sv\u011btl\u00fd oblak je zast\u00ednil a z oblaku promluvil hlas: \u201eTo jest m\u016fj milovan\u00fd Syn, kter\u00e9ho jsem si vyvolil; toho poslouchejte\u201c<\/em> (Matou\u0161 17:2,5).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ale vrcholem Bo\u017e\u00edho zjeven\u00ed lidem je samotn\u00e9 vt\u011blen\u00ed Boha Slova: A Slovo se stalo t\u011blem a p\u0159eb\u00fdvalo mezi n\u00e1mi<\/em> (Jan 1:14).  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vzpome\u0148me si kr\u00e1tk\u00fd dialog mezi P\u00e1nem Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161em a Filipem:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013 Kdybyste znali mne, znali byste i m\u00e9ho Otce. Nyn\u00ed ho ji\u017e zn\u00e1te, nebo\u0165 jste ho vid\u011bli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013 Pane, uka\u017e n\u00e1m Otce, a v\u00edc nepot\u0159ebujeme!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013 Tak dlouho jsem s v\u00e1mi, Filipe, a ty m\u011b nezn\u00e1\u0161? Kdo vid\u00ed mne, vid\u00ed Otce. (Jan 14:8\u20139)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u016fh Syn je Bohem Zjeven\u00ed, vt\u011blil se ve stanoven\u00fd \u010das a stal se Boho\u010dlov\u011bkem. Je to Syn, kter\u00fd zjevuje Otce tak, jak slovo zjevuje my\u0161lenku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po Kristov\u011b nanebevstoupen\u00ed teofanie nep\u0159estaly. V den Pades\u00e1tnice se Kristov\u00fdm u\u010dedn\u00edk\u016fm zjevil Duch Svat\u00fd v podob\u011b ohniv\u00fdch jazyk\u016f a spo\u010dinul na ka\u017ed\u00e9m z p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdch (Skutky 2:1\u20133).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u016fh se zjevil horliv\u00e9mu pron\u00e1sledovateli k\u0159es\u0165an\u016f jm\u00e9nem Saul, kdy\u017e m\u00ed\u0159il do Dama\u0161ku, a z n\u011bj se stal Pavel \u2013 z v\u016fle Bo\u017e\u00ed apo\u0161tol Krista Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e (2. Timoteovi 1:1), slu\u017eebn\u00edk Krista Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e, povolan\u00fd za apo\u0161tola, vyvolen\u00fd ke zv\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed Bo\u017e\u00edho evangelia (\u0158\u00edman\u016fm 1:1), pov\u011b\u0159en\u00fd nikoliv lidmi, ale Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161em Kristem a Bohem Otcem (Galatsk\u00fdm 1:1), poslan\u00fd k tomu, aby Bo\u017e\u00ed vyvolen\u00e9 p\u0159ivedl k v\u00ed\u0159e a k pozn\u00e1n\u00ed pravdy (Titovi 1:1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A nakonec cel\u00e1 kniha Zjeven\u00ed (i kdy\u017e n\u00e1zev t\u00e9to knihy \u0159ecky zn\u00ed jinak \u2013 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b9\u03c2 \u2013 odhalen\u00ed), jej\u00edm\u017e autorem je evangelista Jan Teolog, je v\u011bnov\u00e1na zjeven\u00ed o posledn\u00edch \u010dasech, osudu sv\u011bta, Bo\u017e\u00edm z\u00e1m\u011bru o stvo\u0159en\u00ed. Je to nejz\u00e1hadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kniha Bible, proto\u017ee popisuje to, co teprve m\u00e1 p\u0159ij\u00edt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Redakce<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Zjeven\u00ed Bo\u017e\u00ed neboli Theofanie (\u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1, skl\u00e1d\u00e1 se z\u00a0\u0159eck\u00fdch slov \u03b8\u03b5\u03cc\u03c2 \u2013 B\u016fh a \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9 \u2013 zjevovat) je zjeven\u00edm Boha ve viditeln\u00e9 \u010di c\u00edtiteln\u00e9 podob\u011b (nap\u0159\u00edklad…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1756,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[69],"class_list":["post-1751","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-svatky-a-svetci","tag-2023-01","has-post-thumbnail-archive"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1751","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1751"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1751\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1827,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1751\/revisions\/1827"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1756"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1751"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1751"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1751"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}