{"id":1527,"date":"2022-10-01T17:21:51","date_gmt":"2022-10-01T16:21:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/?p=1527"},"modified":"2022-11-01T17:22:02","modified_gmt":"2022-11-01T16:22:02","slug":"teologicky-slovnik-adiafora","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/2022\/10\/01\/teologicky-slovnik-adiafora\/","title":{"rendered":"Teologick\u00fd slovn\u00edk. Adiafora"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Existuj\u00ed mravn\u011b indiferentn\u00ed <\/a>\u010diny?<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adiaforon (\u0159ecky \u1f00\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u2013 adiaforon, plur\u00e1l: \u1f00\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u2013 adiafora) je pojem pro ozna\u010den\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch \u010din\u016f, kter\u00e9 se zdaj\u00ed b\u00fdt mravn\u011b nediferencovan\u00e9, neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed, nehodnot\u00ed se jako dobr\u00e9, ani jako zl\u00e9. Z pohledu pravoslavn\u00e9 mor\u00e1ln\u00ed teologie se ve\u0161ker\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9 \u010diny v\u017edy mravn\u011b diferencuj\u00ed, n\u011bkter\u00e9 p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u00ed ke sp\u00e1se, jin\u00e9 v\u0161ak k z\u00e1hub\u011b du\u0161e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jsou skutky, kter\u00e9 se skute\u010dn\u011b zdaj\u00ed mor\u00e1ln\u011b neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed, kdy\u017e se posuzuj\u00ed izolovan\u011b od okolnost\u00ed, za nich\u017e byly vykon\u00e1ny. M\u016f\u017ee mezi n\u011b pat\u0159it t\u0159eba j\u00edzda metrem, proch\u00e1zka atd. Na druhou stranu i zd\u00e1nliv\u011b mor\u00e1ln\u011b neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010diny maj\u00ed mravn\u00ed konotaci. Kdy\u017e k\u0159es\u0165an m\u00edsto toho, aby v ned\u011bli \u0161el na liturgii, pojede na n\u00e1kup, nebo m\u00edsto toho, aby pomohl rodi\u010d\u016fm, vyraz\u00ed na proch\u00e1zku, zd\u00e1nliv\u011b neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010diny se u\u017e nezdaj\u00ed a\u017e tak neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed. B\u011bhem j\u00edzdy metrem nebo proch\u00e1zky se \u010dlov\u011bk m\u016f\u017ee t\u0159eba modlit, ale m\u016f\u017ee i p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let o h\u0159\u00ed\u0161n\u00fdch v\u011bcech. Ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad je jedine\u010dn\u00fd a m\u00e1 svou vlastn\u00ed mor\u00e1ln\u00ed konotaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K my\u0161lence, \u017ee mravn\u011b nediferencovan\u00e9 \u010diny existovat nemohou, se p\u0159ikl\u00e1n\u011bl sv\u011btec 19. stolet\u00ed Teofan Zatvornik. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b uzn\u00e1val, \u017ee o n\u011bkter\u00fdch na\u0161ich \u010dinech nic ne\u0159\u00edk\u00e1 n\u00e1\u0161 vnit\u0159n\u00ed z\u00e1kon sv\u011bdom\u00ed, ani z\u00e1kon psan\u00fd. Sednout si, vst\u00e1t, pod\u00edvat se doleva \u010di doprava \u2013 co je na tom mravn\u00edho nebo nemravn\u00edho? Kv\u016fli nekone\u010dn\u00e9 rozmanitosti podm\u00ednek, za nich\u017e se ve\u0161ker\u00e9 \u010diny konaj\u00ed, z\u00e1kon st\u011b\u017e\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee ur\u010dit je v\u0161echny. Krom\u011b toho nen\u00ed v duchu mravn\u00edho svobodn\u00e9ho z\u00e1konu pevn\u011b spoutat ka\u017ed\u00e9ho jedince. Pokud se \u010dlov\u011bk vychov\u00e1v\u00e1 k mravn\u00edmu \u017eivotu, je nezbytn\u00e9 pro jeho upevn\u011bn\u00ed ponechat mu ur\u010ditou m\u00edru svobody, aby m\u011bl prostor pro cvi\u010den\u00ed sv\u00fdch mravn\u00edch sil. Otec neur\u010duje ka\u017ed\u00fd krok sv\u00e9ho syna p\u0159ik\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00edmi a na\u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi. I ty nepodstatn\u00e9 \u010diny, kter\u00e9 se ale konaj\u00ed uv\u011bdom\u011ble a za jak\u00fdmkoliv \u00fa\u010delem, p\u0159est\u00e1vaj\u00ed b\u00fdt indiferentn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Svat\u00fd Teofan zd\u016fraz\u0148uje je\u0161t\u011b jednu zaj\u00edmavou v\u011bc. Podle n\u011bj by se k\u0159es\u0165an v\u016fbec nem\u011bl dopou\u0161t\u011bt \u010din\u016f, kter\u00e9 lze hodnotit jako mor\u00e1ln\u011b nediferencovateln\u00e9. Mus\u00ed db\u00e1t o to, aby v\u0161echno, co d\u011bl\u00e1, v\u010detn\u011b pohybu rukou, o\u010d\u00ed, polohy t\u011bla atd., se st\u00e1valo prost\u0159edkem k dosa\u017een\u00ed dobra. Nebo\u0165 \u010das v\u011bnovan\u00fd kon\u00e1n\u00ed \u010din\u016f bezv\u00fdznamn\u00fdch, mor\u00e1ln\u011b neutr\u00e1ln\u00edch, je \u010das promarn\u011bn\u00fd. V\u011bci, v\u016f\u010di nim\u017e by lidsk\u00e9 srdce z\u016fstalo lhostejn\u00e9, neexistuj\u00ed. A pr\u00e1v\u011b pohnut\u00ed srdce je krit\u00e9riem p\u016fsoben\u00ed mor\u00e1ln\u00edho z\u00e1kona uvnit\u0159 n\u00e1s. \u201eUkl\u00e1dejte si poklady v nebi,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 Kristus. Tak pro\u010d by k\u0159es\u0165an nemohl p\u0159ev\u00e9st i ty nejmen\u0161\u00ed bezv\u00fdznamn\u00e9 \u010diny z kategorie nediferencovan\u00fdch do kategorie dobr\u00fdch, mravn\u00edch a prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdch pro du\u0161i? A kdy\u017e to ud\u011blat nechce z lenosti \u010di jin\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu, u\u017e t\u00edm t\u00e9to \u010diny p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed do kategorie \u0161patn\u00fdch. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pojem mravn\u011b indiferentn\u00edho jakoby vynik\u00e1 mravn\u00edmu z\u00e1konu a nespad\u00e1 do kategorie pozitivn\u00edho ani negativn\u00edho. Je v\u0161ak mo\u017en\u00e9 v tomto smyslu p\u0159ipustit existenci \u010din\u016f zvan\u00fdch adiafora? Lze hovo\u0159it o takov\u00fdch lidsk\u00fdch skutc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 by st\u00e1ly mimo mravn\u00ed z\u00e1kon? Pravoslavn\u00e1 nauka na tuto ot\u00e1zku odpov\u00edd\u00e1 z\u00e1porn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mor\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1kon nen\u00ed n\u011bco vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho, naopak je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed p\u0159irozenosti. Byl do n\u00e1s vlo\u017een Bohem p\u0159i stvo\u0159en\u00ed a slou\u017e\u00ed jako sm\u011brovka \u010di hnac\u00ed motor na\u0161\u00ed p\u0159irozenosti, pronik\u00e1 do lidsk\u00e9 podstaty a neust\u00e1le se tak \u010di onak v n\u00e1s projevuje. Vzhledem k tak \u00fazk\u00e9mu spojen\u00ed mezi na\u0161\u00ed p\u0159irozenost\u00ed a mravn\u00edm z\u00e1konem \u200b\u200bsotva si m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159edstavit jak\u00e9koli \u010diny, kter\u00e9 by st\u00e1ly mimo n\u011bj. Naprosto ka\u017ed\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00edm p\u00e1dem mus\u00ed b\u00fdt v souladu nebo v rozporu s po\u017eadavky tohoto z\u00e1kona. Na\u0161e mravn\u00ed c\u00edt\u011bn\u00ed neponech\u00e1v\u00e1 bez hodnocen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd z na\u0161ich \u010din\u016f. Pokud existuj\u00ed mravn\u011b nediferencovateln\u00e9 \u010diny, bylo by nutn\u00e9 p\u0159ipustit, \u017ee v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech je na\u0161e mravn\u00ed c\u00edt\u011bn\u00ed zcela lhostejn\u00e9 k n\u011bkter\u00fdm lidsk\u00fdm skutk\u016fm. Proti tomu v\u0161ak povst\u00e1v\u00e1 na\u0161e pe\u010dliv\u00e9 sebepozorov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mor\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1kon, jak je zn\u00e1mo, se t\u00fdk\u00e1 v\u0161ech lidsk\u00fdch pot\u0159eb: jak individu\u00e1ln\u00edch, tak spole\u010densk\u00fdch, a v obou p\u0159\u00edpadech d\u00e1v\u00e1 \u010dlov\u011bku vhodn\u00e9 pokyny ohledn\u011b jejich uspokojov\u00e1n\u00ed, zp\u016fsobu uspokojov\u00e1n\u00ed atd. P\u0159itom ve\u0161ker\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, ve\u0161ker\u00e1 lidsk\u00e1 \u017eivotn\u00ed \u010dinnost spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v uspokojov\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00edch pot\u0159eb. Proto lidsk\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, jeho\u017e c\u00edlem je uspokojov\u00e1n\u00ed jak\u00fdchkoliv pot\u0159eb, nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt hodnoceno jako indiferentn\u00ed, mus\u00ed spadat bu\u010f do mravn\u011b dobr\u00e9ho, \u010di do mravn\u011b \u0161patn\u00e9ho. Kdybychom p\u0159ipustili existenci mor\u00e1ln\u011b nediferencovan\u00e9ho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, byli bychom z\u00e1rove\u0148 nuceni p\u0159ipustit, \u017ee lidsk\u00fd \u017eivot nen\u00ed celek, jeho\u017e \u010d\u00e1sti jsou vnit\u0159n\u011b spojeny a sjednoceny mezi sebou neodd\u011bliteln\u011b, ale n\u011bkter\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1sti na\u0161eho \u017eivota jsou vz\u00e1jemn\u011b spojeny pouze zevn\u011b, mechanicky. A kdy\u017e to p\u0159ipust\u00edme, mus\u00edme uznat, \u017ee na\u0161e vnit\u0159n\u00ed j\u00e1 nen\u00ed \u00fapln\u00fdm p\u00e1nem a spr\u00e1vcem na\u0161eho osobn\u00edho sv\u011bta, proto\u017ee sf\u00e9ry jemu pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed ve vztahu k n\u011bmu dosti nespolehliv\u00e9m a pouze vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm. Ale p\u0159ipustit n\u011bco takov\u00e9ho n\u00e1m br\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161emo\u017en\u00e9 rozumn\u00e9 informace, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1s naopak uji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed, \u017ee n\u00e1\u0161 \u017eivot, pokud se do n\u011bj pe\u010dliv\u011b pod\u00edv\u00e1me a krok za krokem prozkoum\u00e1me, je nerozd\u011bliteln\u00fd celek, jeho\u017e \u010d\u00e1sti jsou navz\u00e1jem spojeny stejn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem jako org\u00e1ny v jak\u00e9mkoli \u017eiv\u00e9m organismu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159i stvo\u0159en\u00ed n\u00e1m byl d\u00e1n mravn\u00ed z\u00e1kon, abychom se ve\u0161kerou na\u0161\u00ed \u010dinnost\u00ed sna\u017eili splnit jeho po\u017eadavky. Tento z\u00e1kon je vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00edm v\u016fle Stvo\u0159itele, jeho hlasu, kter\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bka neust\u00e1le povzbuzuje k napln\u011bn\u00ed \u00fa\u010delu jeho existence na zemi, proto se t\u00fdk\u00e1 ve\u0161ker\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9 \u017eivotn\u00ed \u010dinnosti, p\u0159ibli\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka k c\u00edli jeho byt\u00ed, a ne pouze n\u011bjak\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti t\u00e9 \u010dinnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u0161echny tyto \u00favahy potvrzuj\u00ed i po\u010detn\u00e1 sv\u011bdectv\u00ed P\u00edsma svat\u00e9ho. \u201eA\u0165 tedy j\u00edte \u010di pijete \u010di cokoli jin\u00e9ho d\u011bl\u00e1te, v\u0161ecko<\/strong> \u010di\u0148te k sl\u00e1v\u011b Bo\u017e\u00ed\u201c (1. Korintsk\u00fdm 10:31). Vzhledem k tomuto \u201ev\u0161ecko\u201c je mor\u00e1ln\u011b indiferentn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011b\u010d\u00edm zcela nepochopiteln\u00fdm. P\u00edsmo svat\u00e9 nikde ne\u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee existuj\u00ed jak\u00e9koliv \u010dinnosti, kter\u00e9 jsou lidem dovoleny ne v z\u00e1jmu sl\u00e1vy Bo\u017e\u00ed. Ty \u010diny, kter\u00e9 lid\u00e9 konaj\u00ed ne pro sl\u00e1vu Bo\u017e\u00ed, jsou kon\u00e1ny ke sl\u00e1v\u011b \u010f\u00e1blov\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010ciny zauj\u00edmaj\u00edc\u00ed meziprostor mezi t\u011bmito dv\u011bma sm\u011bry \u2013 ke sl\u00e1v\u011b Bo\u017e\u00ed nebo ke sl\u00e1v\u011b \u010f\u00e1blov\u011b \u2013 P\u00edsmo svat\u00e9 nezn\u00e1. \u201eNejsi ani studen\u00fd, ani hork\u00fd,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Janovo zjeven\u00ed and\u011blu c\u00edrkve v Laodikeji, \u201eAle \u017ee jsi vla\u017en\u00fd, a nejsi hork\u00fd ani studen\u00fd, nesnesu t\u011b v \u00fastech\u201c (3:15\u201316). Z toho je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee v\u0161echny ty \u010diny, kter\u00e9 se zdaj\u00ed mor\u00e1ln\u011b indiferentn\u00ed, proto\u017ee nejsou ani studen\u00e9, ani hork\u00e9, lze za takov\u00e9 pova\u017eovat jen zd\u00e1nliv\u011b, nebo\u0165 ji\u017e ve sv\u00e9 podstat\u011b skr\u00fdvaj\u00ed prvek mravn\u00edho zla a jsou p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b zavr\u017eeny Bohem. \u201eCokoli nen\u00ed z v\u00edry, je h\u0159\u00edch\u201c (\u0158\u00edman\u016fm 14:23). Ka\u017ed\u00fd lidsk\u00fd \u010din, \u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed-li se jeho kon\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdom\u00ed a svoboda, sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed jist\u011b o tom \u010di onom zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u2013 h\u0159\u00ed\u0161n\u00e9m nebo ctnostn\u00e9m \u2013 v\u016fle \u010dlov\u011bka ve vztahu k v\u016fli Bo\u017esk\u00e9. St\u0159edn\u00ed cesta neexistuje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Redakce<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Existuj\u00ed mravn\u011b indiferentn\u00ed \u010diny? Adiaforon (\u0159ecky \u1f00\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u2013 adiaforon, plur\u00e1l: \u1f00\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u2013 adiafora) je pojem pro ozna\u010den\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch \u010din\u016f, kter\u00e9 se zdaj\u00ed b\u00fdt mravn\u011b nediferencovan\u00e9,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[66],"class_list":["post-1527","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-verouka","tag-2022-10"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1527","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1527"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1527\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1528,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1527\/revisions\/1528"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1527"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1527"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1527"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}