{"id":1139,"date":"2021-08-24T08:10:19","date_gmt":"2021-08-24T07:10:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/?p=1139"},"modified":"2022-05-24T08:12:10","modified_gmt":"2022-05-24T07:12:10","slug":"matousuv-efekt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/2021\/08\/24\/matousuv-efekt\/","title":{"rendered":"Matou\u0161\u016fv efekt"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Nebo\u0165 ka\u017ed\u00e9mu, kdo m\u00e1, bude d\u00e1no a p\u0159id\u00e1no; kdo nem\u00e1, tomu bude od\u0148ato i to, co m\u00e1. <\/em><\/p>Matou\u0161 25:29<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

M\u00e1lokdo v\u00ed, \u017ee Krist\u016fv v\u00fdrok z Matou\u0161ova evangelia na\u0161el uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v modern\u00ed sociologii. Tzv. Matou\u0161\u016fv efekt je ozna\u010den\u00edm zaj\u00edmav\u00e9ho sociologick\u00e9ho jevu \u2013 bohat\u00ed a \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00ed se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed bohat\u0161\u00edmi a \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi, naproti tomu ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00ed a chud\u00ed ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed i drobn\u00e9 \u00fasp\u011bchy. \u0158\u00edk\u00e1 se tomu tak\u00e9 akumulovan\u00e1 v\u00fdhoda. N\u00e1zev je odvozen z v\u0161em zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho podobenstv\u00ed o h\u0159ivn\u00e1ch:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010clov\u011bk, kter\u00fd se chystal na cestu, zavolal sv\u00e9 slu\u017eebn\u00edky a sv\u011b\u0159il jim sv\u016fj majetek; jednomu dal p\u011bt h\u0159iven, druh\u00e9mu dv\u011b, t\u0159et\u00edmu jednu, ka\u017ed\u00e9mu podle jeho schopnost\u00ed, a odcestoval. Ten, kter\u00fd p\u0159ijal p\u011bt h\u0159iven, ihned se s nimi dal do podnik\u00e1n\u00ed a vyz\u00edskal jin\u00fdch p\u011bt. Tak i ten, kter\u00fd m\u011bl dv\u011b, z\u00edskal jin\u00e9 dv\u011b. Ten, kter\u00fd p\u0159ijal jednu, \u0161el, vykopal j\u00e1mu a ukryl pen\u00edze sv\u00e9ho p\u00e1na. Po dlouh\u00e9 dob\u011b se p\u00e1n t\u011bch slu\u017eebn\u00edk\u016f vr\u00e1til a za\u010dal \u00fa\u010dtovat. P\u0159istoupil ten, kter\u00fd p\u0159ijal p\u011bt h\u0159iven, p\u0159inesl jin\u00fdch p\u011bt a \u0159ekl: \u201aPane, sv\u011b\u0159il jsi mi p\u011bt h\u0159iven; hle, jin\u00fdch p\u011bt jsem jimi z\u00edskal.\u2018 Jeho p\u00e1n mu odpov\u011bd\u011bl: \u201aSpr\u00e1vn\u011b, slu\u017eebn\u00edku dobr\u00fd a v\u011brn\u00fd, nad m\u00e1lem jsi byl v\u011brn\u00fd, ustanov\u00edm t\u011b nad mnoh\u00fdm; vejdi a raduj se u sv\u00e9ho p\u00e1na.\u2018 P\u0159istoupil ten se dv\u011bma h\u0159ivnami a \u0159ekl: \u201aPane, sv\u011b\u0159il jsi mi dv\u011b h\u0159ivny; hle, jin\u00e9 dv\u011b jsem z\u00edskal.\u2018 Jeho p\u00e1n mu odpov\u011bd\u011bl: \u201aSpr\u00e1vn\u011b, slu\u017eebn\u00edku dobr\u00fd a v\u011brn\u00fd, nad m\u00e1lem jsi byl v\u011brn\u00fd, ustanov\u00edm t\u011b nad mnoh\u00fdm; vejdi a raduj se u sv\u00e9ho p\u00e1na.\u2018 P\u0159istoupil i ten, kter\u00fd p\u0159ijal jednu h\u0159ivnu, a \u0159ekl: \u201aPane, poznal jsem t\u011b, \u017ee jsi tvrd\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk, skl\u00edz\u00ed\u0161, kde jsi nesel, a sb\u00edr\u00e1\u0161, kde jsi nerozsypal. B\u00e1l jsem se, a proto jsem \u0161el a ukryl tvou h\u0159ivnu v zemi. Hle, zde m\u00e1\u0161, co ti pat\u0159\u00ed.\u2018 Jeho p\u00e1n mu odpov\u011bd\u011bl: \u201aSlu\u017eebn\u00edku \u0161patn\u00fd a l\u00edn\u00fd, v\u011bd\u011bl jsi, \u017ee \u017enu, kde jsem nezasel, a sb\u00edr\u00e1m, kde jsem nerozsypal. M\u011bl jsi tedy d\u00e1t m\u00e9 pen\u00edze pen\u011b\u017en\u00edk\u016fm, abych p\u0159i\u0161el a to, co mi pat\u0159\u00ed, si vybral s \u00farokem. Vezm\u011bte mu tu h\u0159ivnu a dejte tomu, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 deset h\u0159iven! Nebo\u0165 ka\u017ed\u00e9mu, kdo m\u00e1, bude d\u00e1no a p\u0159id\u00e1no; kdo nem\u00e1, tomu bude od\u0148ato i to, co m\u00e1.<\/em><\/p>Matou\u0161 25:14\u201329<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Matou\u0161\u016fv efekt lze pozorovat v sociologii v\u011bdy \u2013 rozd\u00edl v uzn\u00e1n\u00ed a citaci d\u011bl v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch v\u011bdc\u016f ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed se stejn\u011b kvalitn\u00edmi d\u00edly jejich m\u00e1lo zn\u00e1m\u00fdch koleg\u016f, vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 vliv brzk\u00e9ho osvojen\u00ed schopnosti \u010d\u00edst na dal\u0161\u00ed propast mezi \u201etalentovan\u00fdmi\u201c a \u201ezaost\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edmi\u201c \u017e\u00e1ky, v ekonomii \u2013 koncentrace bohatstv\u00ed a r\u016fst chudoby. Podobn\u00fd efekt se objevuje i v chemii \u2013 autokatal\u00fdza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tohoto fenom\u00e9nu si poprv\u00e9 v\u0161imli ameri\u010dt\u00ed sociologov\u00e9. Na po\u010d\u00e1tku \u0161edes\u00e1t\u00fdch let Harriet Zuckermanov\u00e1 provedla \u0159adu rozhovor\u016f s laure\u00e1ty Nobelovy ceny a zjistila, \u017ee v\u011bdeck\u00e1 spole\u010dnost m\u00e1 tendenci p\u0159isuzovat ve\u0161kerou z\u00e1sluhu ji\u017e uznan\u00fdm v\u011bdc\u016fm a ignorovat \u00fasp\u011bchy m\u00e9n\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fdch odborn\u00edk\u016f. Pozd\u011bji Warren Hagstrom zkoumal \u00fadaje z\u00edskan\u00e9 od mlad\u00fdch v\u011bdc\u016f a zjistil, \u017ee ve sv\u00e9 v\u011bdeck\u00e9 \u010dinnosti jen t\u011b\u017eko z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed uzn\u00e1n\u00ed kv\u016fli p\u0159edsudk\u016fm v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho sv\u011btu a nekal\u00e9 konkurenci s mistry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jev byl nakonec zpopularizov\u00e1n a pojmenov\u00e1n slavn\u00fdm sociologem Robertem Mertonem. Podle n\u011bj ti, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdhody ve v\u011bdeck\u00e9 oblasti (v\u010detn\u011b potenci\u00e1lu, um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed ve struktu\u0159e v\u011bdy a p\u0159\u00edstupu ke zdroj\u016fm), dostanou nejen v\u00edce p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed pro dal\u0161\u00ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nou pr\u00e1ci, ale tak\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed mor\u00e1ln\u00ed a materi\u00e1ln\u00ed odm\u011bnu. Mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pozornost bude tedy v\u011bnov\u00e1na d\u00edl\u016fm v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho v\u011bdce ne\u017e stejn\u011b kvalitn\u00edm studi\u00edm jeho m\u00e1lo zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho kolegy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00e1m Merton spolu s dal\u0161\u00edmi badateli v\u0161ak konstatoval, \u017ee Matou\u0161\u016fv jev ne v\u017edy vede k nekone\u010dn\u00e9mu obohacen\u00ed jedinc\u016f a minimalizaci \u0161anc\u00ed pro ostatn\u00ed, tzn. jeho p\u016fsoben\u00ed nen\u00ed absolutn\u00ed. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch situac\u00edch (nap\u0159\u00edklad v obdob\u00ed hlubok\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 krize) chudnou jak bohat\u00ed, tak i chud\u00ed. Krom\u011b toho st\u00e1le existuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpady, i kdy\u017e pom\u011brn\u011b vz\u00e1cn\u00e9, kdy je pozorov\u00e1na nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 \u00fam\u011brnost: chud\u00ed bohatnou a bohat\u00ed chudnou. Po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdhoda tedy nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt absolutn\u00ed z\u00e1rukou dal\u0161\u00edho \u00fasp\u011bchu, stejn\u011b jako po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed chudoba neznamen\u00e1 beznad\u011bjnost v budoucnu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Postupn\u011b se zv\u011bt\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed propast mezi \u201echud\u00fdmi\u201c a \u201ebohat\u00fdmi\u201c m\u00e1 sv\u00e1 omezen\u00ed. Proto\u017ee nekone\u010dn\u00fd exponenci\u00e1ln\u00ed r\u016fst je nemo\u017en\u00fd, nerovnost se prohlubuje, dokud nenaraz\u00ed na odpor protich\u016fdn\u00fdch sil. Ve v\u011bdeck\u00e9 oblasti to mohou b\u00fdt mechanismy, kter\u00e9 p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed k rovnom\u011brn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu rozd\u011blen\u00ed z\u00e1sluh mezi v\u011bdce a v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 \u00fastavy. V ekonomice je mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159ekonat Matou\u0161\u016fv efekt, kdy\u017e nastanou z\u00e1sadn\u00ed zm\u011bny v situaci na trhu, dojde ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed (nebo naopak sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed) popularity a v\u00fdznamu rovnost\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch hnut\u00ed ve spole\u010dnosti nebo st\u00e1t se rozhodne do situace zas\u00e1hnout.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Matou\u0161ova efektu ve vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed si v\u0161iml kanadsk\u00fd profesor a psycholog Keith Stanovich. U \u017e\u00e1k\u016f z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161koly se m\u00e1lokdy d\u00e1 s p\u0159esnost\u00ed ur\u010dit, na co je kter\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b nejv\u00edce talentovan\u00e9. Av\u0161ak mal\u00e9 n\u00e1znaky se projevuj\u00ed ji\u017e v tomto v\u011bku. \u0160\u0165astlivc\u016fm, kter\u00fdch si ji\u017e na za\u010d\u00e1tku v\u0161imli u\u010ditel\u00e9 d\u00edky jejich po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edm \u00fasp\u011bch\u016fm, se pot\u00e9 dost\u00e1v\u00e1 zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de. Maj\u00ed mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost rozvoje sv\u00e9ho talentu ne\u017e ti ostatn\u00ed. Naopak d\u011bti, kter\u00e9 se zd\u00e1ly b\u00fdt podpr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9, jsou \u010dasto p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017eeny a pot\u00e9 z\u00edskaj\u00ed pocit, \u017ee se ani sna\u017eit nemus\u00ed, proto\u017ee si jich stejn\u011b nikdo nev\u0161\u00edm\u00e1. Dostanou tedy jakousi pomyslnou n\u00e1lepku, kter\u00e9 se t\u011b\u017eko zbavuj\u00ed. A i kdy\u017e pr\u00e1ci odvedou dob\u0159e, nejsou spravedliv\u011b ocen\u011bny pr\u00e1v\u011b kv\u016fli t\u011bmto p\u0159edsudk\u016fm vyvolan\u00fdch minulou zku\u0161enost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Profesor Stanovich si v\u0161iml, \u017ee d\u011bti, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed rychl\u00fd pokrok ve \u010dten\u00ed, se pak rychleji nau\u010d\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed dovednosti. Naopak ti, kte\u0159\u00ed do t\u0159et\u00edho nebo \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho ro\u010dn\u00edku z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161koly zaost\u00e1vaj\u00ed, se v budoucnu mohou pot\u00fdkat s probl\u00e9my s u\u010den\u00edm a osvojov\u00e1n\u00edm si nov\u00e9ho matri\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve t\u0159et\u00ed nebo \u010dtvrt\u00e9 t\u0159\u00edd\u011b \u0161kol\u00e1ci za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed b\u00fdt zapojeni do kvalitativn\u011b nov\u00e9ho procesu. U\u017e se neu\u010d\u00ed \u010d\u00edst (tj. dek\u00f3dovat psan\u00e9 slovo pomoc\u00ed znalosti abecedy), ale p\u0159ech\u00e1zej\u00ed k principu \u201e\u010dtu, abych se nau\u010dil\u201c. Do pop\u0159ed\u00ed se dost\u00e1v\u00e1 porozum\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdznamu textu a samotn\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed materi\u00e1ly se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed komplikovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u017d\u00e1ci, kte\u0159\u00ed se nestihli nau\u010dit spr\u00e1vn\u011b a rychle \u010d\u00edst, od tohoto okam\u017eiku za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed zaost\u00e1vat a postupem \u010dasu se toto zaost\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed bude jen zv\u011bt\u0161ovat. Probl\u00e9my s \u010dten\u00edm tedy zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed probl\u00e9my s porozum\u011bn\u00edm samotn\u00e9mu t\u00e9matu a motivac\u00ed. Stanovich zjistil, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1k s obt\u00ed\u017eemi p\u0159i \u010dten\u00ed za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 b\u00fdt znechucen samotn\u00fdm procesem, a v d\u016fsledku toho \u010dte m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e jeho schopn\u00ed spolu\u017e\u00e1ci. Nedopl\u0148uje tak svou slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sobu, nez\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed znalosti a nepokra\u010duje v rozvoji.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je ironi\u00ed d\u011bjin, \u017ee efekt svat\u00e9ho Matou\u0161e je s\u00e1m p\u0159\u00edkladem p\u016fsoben\u00ed sebe sama: byl objeven m\u00e1lo zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi v\u011bdci a popul\u00e1rn\u00edm se stal a\u017e tehdy, kdy\u017e jej v modifikovan\u00e9 a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 podob\u011b publikoval u\u010ditel p\u016fvodn\u00edch objevitel\u016f, ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd slavn\u00fd sociolog Robert K. Merton.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Matou\u0161\u016fv efekt nem\u00e1 absolutn\u00ed charakter a d\u00e1 se ho p\u0159ekonat v ka\u017ed\u00e9 sf\u00e9\u0159e, nicm\u00e9n\u011b se vyskytuje natolik \u010dasto, \u017ee se ho ned\u00e1 jen tak p\u0159ehl\u00e9dnout. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Redakce<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nebo\u0165 ka\u017ed\u00e9mu, kdo m\u00e1, bude d\u00e1no a p\u0159id\u00e1no; kdo nem\u00e1, tomu bude od\u0148ato i to, co m\u00e1. Matou\u0161 25:29 M\u00e1lokdo v\u00ed, \u017ee Krist\u016fv v\u00fdrok z Matou\u0161ova…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1140,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[57],"class_list":["post-1139","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cirkev-a-spolecnost","tag-2021-08","has-post-thumbnail-archive"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1139","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1139"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1139\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1142,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1139\/revisions\/1142"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1140"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1139"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1139"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1139"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}