{"id":1092,"date":"2022-03-23T13:00:54","date_gmt":"2022-03-23T12:00:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/?p=1092"},"modified":"2022-05-23T13:01:06","modified_gmt":"2022-05-23T12:01:06","slug":"kusitske-kralovny-kandaky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/2022\/03\/23\/kusitske-kralovny-kandaky\/","title":{"rendered":"Ku\u0161itsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovny kandaky"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Osm\u00e1 kapitola knihy Skutk\u016f apo\u0161tol\u016f popisuje, jak apo\u0161tol Filip potkal na cest\u011b z Jeruzal\u00e9ma do Gazy etiopsk\u00e9ho dvo\u0159ana, jen\u017e vykonal pou\u0165 do Jeruzal\u00e9ma a na zp\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed cest\u011b \u010detl proroka Izaj\u00e1\u0161e. Je \u0159e\u010deno, \u017ee etiopsk\u00fd dvo\u0159an byl spr\u00e1vcem v\u0161ech poklad\u016f kandaky, to jest etiopsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovny. Bible kralick\u00e1 naz\u00fdv\u00e1 tuto kr\u00e1lovnu Kand\u00e1ces. C\u00edrkevn\u011bslovansk\u00fd a rusk\u00fd text uv\u00e1d\u00ed jej\u00ed titul sp\u00ed\u0161 jako osobn\u00ed jm\u00e9no Kandakia. Anglick\u00e1 verze ji naz\u00fdv\u00e1 Candace. Tak co znamen\u00e1 kandaka \u010di Kandakia \u2013 titul, nebo osobn\u00ed jm\u00e9no? A pro\u010d dvo\u0159an t\u00e9to africk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dkyn\u011b jel na pou\u0165 do Jeruzal\u00e9ma a \u010detl proroka Izaj\u00e1\u0161e?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edho S\u00fad\u00e1nu na horn\u00edm toku Nilu od 9. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. Kr. existovalo mocn\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed \u201e\u010dern\u00fdch faraon\u016f\u201c, kter\u00e9 se naz\u00fdvalo Ku\u0161, Napata nebo Meroe. Stejn\u011b jako v Egypt\u011b byla role \u017een v politick\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b Ku\u0161it\u016f dost velk\u00e1. \u010casem se zde rozvinula jedine\u010dn\u00e1 mocensk\u00e1 instituce vl\u00e1dky\u0148. Titul kandaka bychom mohli vylo\u017eit jako kr\u00e1lovna-regentka nebo kr\u00e1lovna-matka, mohl v\u0161ak ozna\u010dovat i re\u00e1ln\u00e9 postaven\u00ed \u017eeny jako velitelky a hlavy st\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To, \u017ee v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159ekladech Skutk\u016f apo\u0161tol\u016f se kandaka uv\u00e1d\u00ed jako osobn\u00ed jm\u00e9no, lze vysv\u011btlit t\u00edm, \u017ee v letech 345\u2013332 p\u0159. Kr. v Meroe skute\u010dn\u011b vl\u00e1dla kr\u00e1lovna jm\u00e9nem Kandaka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vzestup ku\u0161itsk\u00fdch kr\u00e1loven za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 v\u00a03. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. v\u00a0d\u016fsledku reforem kr\u00e1le Arkamani I. Titul kandaka existoval ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve, ale a\u017e po reform\u00e1ch za\u010dal ozna\u010dovat panovnici. N\u00e1stupci Arkamaniho I. ji\u017e sd\u00edleli moc s kr\u00e1lovnami a po\u010d\u00ednaje kandakou jm\u00e9nem \u0160anakdakete (vl\u00e1dla kolem 170\u2013150 p\u0159. n. l.) \u017eeny vl\u00e1dly samy. Dal\u0161\u00ed kandaky pou\u017e\u00edvaly mu\u017esk\u00e9 atributy moci spojen\u00e9 s obrazy faraona jako v\u016fdce, v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edka a lovce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Pyramidy Ku\u0161e<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Zem\u011b Ku\u0161it\u016f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kolem roku 2500 p\u0159. n. l. v N\u00fabii, na \u00fazem\u00ed mezi 1. a 4. prahem Nilu, vznikl prvn\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00fatvar zvan\u00fd Kerma (podle n\u00e1zvu hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta), kter\u00fd soupe\u0159il se star\u00fdm Egyptem. Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 Kermu dobyli, to ale nem\u011blo znateln\u00fd kulturn\u00ed dopad na m\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatelstvo. V letech 2250\u20132050 p\u0159. n. l. N\u00fabijci vyu\u017eili kolapsu egyptsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu a znovu z\u00edskali nez\u00e1vislost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nov\u00fdm n\u00fabijsk\u00fdm hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem se stala Napata. V roce 1475 p\u0159. n. l. faraon Thutmose III. Napatu dobyl. Na dal\u0161\u00edch 500 let N\u00fabie spadla pod vliv egyptsk\u00e9 civilizace. V tomto obdob\u00ed byla zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako Ku\u0161. Afri\u010dan\u00e9 p\u0159ijali p\u00edsmo, n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed kulturn\u00ed prvky sv\u00fdch severn\u00edch soused\u016f, m\u00edstn\u00ed elita se za\u010dala vn\u00edmat jako Egyp\u0165an\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mezi lety 1077 a 1070 p\u0159. n. l. Egyptsk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e za\u017eila dal\u0161\u00ed \u00fapadek. Napata se nejen stala nez\u00e1visl\u00fdm kr\u00e1lovstv\u00edm, ale \u010dinila si tak\u00e9 n\u00e1rok na roli sjednotitele v\u0161ech zem\u00ed v \u00fadol\u00ed Nilu. Vrcholem t\u00e9to politiky bylo dobyt\u00ed cel\u00e9ho Egypta ku\u0161itsk\u00fdm kr\u00e1lem Pianchi. Tak obrovskou moc se v\u0161ak N\u00fabijc\u016fm udr\u017eet nepoda\u0159ilo. V roce 591 p\u0159. n. l. egyptsk\u00fd faraon Psammetik II. dobyl a zni\u010dil Napatu. Hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto zem\u011b Ku\u0161it\u016f se p\u0159esunulo na jih, do bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho Meroe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159i pohledu na pou\u0161tn\u00ed okol\u00ed ruin Meroe je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 si p\u0159edstavit, \u017ee v d\u00e1vn\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch bylo toto \u00fazem\u00ed pokryto lesy. Velkom\u011bsto Meroe bylo d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed centrum \u2013 sb\u00edhaly sem karavann\u00ed cesty z centr\u00e1ln\u00edch oblast\u00ed Afriky a od pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Rud\u00e9ho mo\u0159e. Bohatstv\u00ed tohoto m\u011bsta se stalo legend\u00e1rn\u00ed, proudilo sem obil\u00ed vyp\u011bstovan\u00e9 na b\u0159ez\u00edch Nilu a dal\u0161\u00ed zbo\u017e\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se pohodln\u011b p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017eelo po \u0159ece. Lovci obchodovali s leopard\u00ed ko\u017ee\u0161inou a slonovinou, kter\u00e9 se t\u011b\u0161ily velk\u00e9mu z\u00e1jmu Egyp\u0165an\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00edsto pro nov\u00e9 spr\u00e1vn\u00ed a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 centrum zem\u011b bylo vybr\u00e1no s ohledem na z\u00e1soby \u017eelezn\u00e9 rudy a rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 lesy nutn\u00e9 k v\u00fdrob\u011b strategicky d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9ho kovu. \u017delezo dalo farm\u00e1\u0159\u016fm, v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edk\u016fm, lovc\u016fm a stavitel\u016fm Meroe nov\u00e9 mo\u017enosti a zajistilo r\u016fst blahobytu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Napata po p\u011bt stolet\u00ed z\u016fst\u00e1vala pod spr\u00e1vou Egyp\u0165an\u016f. Ale i po osvobozen\u00ed Ku\u0161 z\u016fstal pod vlivem politick\u00fdch a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch tradic Egypta. Ku\u0161it\u0161t\u00ed kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 se naz\u00fdvali faraony a nech\u00e1vali si stav\u011bt hrobky ve tvaru pyramid. Vliv egyptsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed v N\u00fabii byl mnohem siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v samotn\u00e9m Egypt\u011b, kde se moci ujala dynastie zalo\u017een\u00e1 spole\u010dn\u00edkem Alexandra Velik\u00e9ho Ptolemaiem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vl\u00e1da kr\u00e1loven <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Situace se v\u0161ak m\u011bnila. P\u0159ed n\u00e1stupem k moci ka\u017ed\u00fd ku\u0161itsk\u00fd kr\u00e1l studoval \u0159eckou filozofii a nebyl naklon\u011bn slep\u011b n\u00e1sledovat tradice sv\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f. Skute\u010dn\u00fdm vzorem siln\u00e9ho a nez\u00e1visl\u00e9ho \u201e\u010dern\u00e9ho faraona\u201c se stal Arkamani I. Pr\u00e1v\u011b za jeho vl\u00e1dy do\u0161lo k pos\u00edlen\u00ed role kr\u00e1loven.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arkamani I. a jeho dvo\u0159an\u00e9 se zbavili star\u00e9ho egyptsk\u00e9ho kn\u011b\u017estv\u00ed, uvedli do panteonu bohy m\u00edstn\u00edho p\u016fvodu, opustili egyptsk\u00e9 hieroglyfy a p\u0159e\u0161li na abecedn\u00ed syst\u00e9m psan\u00ed. Ku\u0161itsk\u00e9 p\u00edsmo se bohu\u017eel dosud nepoda\u0159ilo rozlu\u0161tit, proto historici neznaj\u00ed podrobnosti o vzestupu vl\u00e1dky\u0148.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u016fn mohl zd\u011bdit nejen syn sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho vl\u00e1dce, ale i jeho bratr, tak\u017ee titul kandaka mohl pat\u0159it jak matce kr\u00e1le, tak matce n\u00e1sledn\u00edka tr\u016fnu. Jasn\u00e1 pravidla pro v\u00fdb\u011br nov\u00e9ho panovn\u00edka pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b neexistovala. N\u011bkdy to mohlo v\u00e9st ke zmatk\u016fm a konflikt\u016fm p\u0159i p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed moci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prvn\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e1 kandaka, kter\u00e1 vl\u00e1dla samostatn\u011b v letech 170\u2013150 p\u0159. n. l., se jmenovala \u0160anakdakete. Na nalezen\u00e9m pomn\u00edku je panovnice zobrazena v bojov\u00e9m od\u011bvu, jak vede svou arm\u00e1du do bitvy, to ale neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee byla skute\u010dn\u011b p\u0159\u00edtomna na boji\u0161ti. Je v\u0161ak zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee za jej\u00ed vl\u00e1dy kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo sv\u00e9 hranice a ekonomika se rychle rozv\u00edjela.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Kr\u00e1lovna \u0160anakdakete<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Kr\u00e1lovna Amanitore vl\u00e1dla mezi lety 1 a 25, v obdob\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho rozkv\u011btu ku\u0161itsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu. Panovnici se poda\u0159ilo obnovit chr\u00e1my v Napat\u011b a v Meroe, za jej\u00ed vl\u00e1dy vzkv\u00e9tal obchod, hutnictv\u00ed a zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, byly vykop\u00e1ny nov\u00e9 zavla\u017eovac\u00ed kan\u00e1ly. Na st\u011bn\u011b chr\u00e1mu je Amanitore zobrazena jako v\u00e1le\u010dnice se sv\u00fdm spoluvl\u00e1dcem, kr\u00e1lem Natakamanim. Nen\u00ed v\u0161ak jasn\u00e9, zda to byl jej\u00ed man\u017eel, nebo syn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kandaka z knihy Skutk\u016f<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kandaka Amantitere, zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 v Nov\u00e9m z\u00e1kon\u011b, vl\u00e1dla v letech 25\u201341. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b pas\u00e1\u017ee z knihy Skutk\u016f badatel\u00e9 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed, \u017ee kr\u00e1lovna vyzn\u00e1vala \u017eidovsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. Nev\u00edme nic o existenci \u017eidovsk\u00e9 komunity v Meroe, ale je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee \u017did\u00e9 v Ku\u0161i \u017eili. Dodnes existuje velk\u00e1 komunita Fala\u0161\u016f \u2013 etiopsk\u00fdch \u017did\u016f. Jejich p\u016fvod v\u0161ak nen\u00ed jasn\u00fd. Sami se ozna\u010duj\u00ed jako potomci jednoho z deseti ztracen\u00fdch kmen\u016f Izraele, kter\u00e9 se ztratily po zni\u010den\u00ed \u0160alamounova chr\u00e1mu. Dal\u0161\u00ed legendy je ozna\u010duj\u00ed jako potomky hebrejsk\u00e9ho kmene, kter\u00fd se odd\u011blil b\u011bhem exodu z Egypta, \u010di jako potomky doprovodu p\u0159id\u011blen\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lem \u0160alomounem legend\u00e1rn\u00ed kr\u00e1lovn\u011b ze S\u00e1by.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Etiopsk\u00e1 tradice prav\u00ed, \u017ee dvo\u0159an pok\u0159t\u011bn\u00fd apo\u0161tolem Filipem po sv\u00e9m n\u00e1vratu \u0161\u00ed\u0159il k\u0159es\u0165anskou v\u00edru mezi spoluob\u010dany. Ale ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm se k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed v\u00a0t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti Afriky stalo teprve v\u00a04. stolet\u00ed. Na stejn\u00e9 obdob\u00ed p\u0159ipad\u00e1 i z\u00e1nik ku\u0161itsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed. \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e p\u0159eorientovala sv\u016fj obchod v regionu na etiopsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed Aksum. Vl\u00e1dkyn\u011b Ku\u0161e ztratily kontrolu nad \u00fazem\u00edm, kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed se rozd\u011blilo na t\u0159i nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti a v roce 330 nebo 350 bylo m\u011bsto Meroe dobyto bojovn\u00edky Aksumu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ku\u0161itsk\u00e1 koruna<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u00dapadek Ku\u0161e mohl souviset i s\u00a0ekologickou katastrofou, k\u00a0n\u00ed\u017e vedla aktivn\u00ed v\u00fdroba \u017eeleza. Lesy byly zni\u010deny, Ku\u0161it\u00e9 pot\u0159ebovali d\u0159evo pro roztopen\u00ed tavic\u00edch pec\u00ed. To v\u00e1\u017en\u011b zm\u011bnilo klimatick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky a vy\u010derpan\u00e1 p\u016fda p\u0159estala p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et \u00farodu. S\u00a0\u00fapadkem zem\u011b Ku\u0161 nav\u017edy zmizel i fenom\u00e9n vl\u00e1dky\u0148.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Redakce<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Osm\u00e1 kapitola knihy Skutk\u016f apo\u0161tol\u016f popisuje, jak apo\u0161tol Filip potkal na cest\u011b z Jeruzal\u00e9ma do Gazy etiopsk\u00e9ho dvo\u0159ana, jen\u017e vykonal pou\u0165 do Jeruzal\u00e9ma a na zp\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[53],"class_list":["post-1092","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biblistika","tag-2022-03"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1092","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1092"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1092\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1097,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1092\/revisions\/1097"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1092"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1092"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hlas-pravoslavi.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1092"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}